Madi‐Jebara 2008.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	120 women Inclusion criteria: non‐labouring ASA I and II women having non‐urgent CS Exclusion criteria: obesity (> 115 kg), height < 152 cm, diabetes, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, chronic hypertension, heart disease, multiple gestation, age < 18 or > 40 years Setting: Lebanon
Interventions	Colloid versus crystalloid Group 1: HES (500 mL) Group 2: Ringer's lactate (1000 mL) All women received study fluid administered as preload before spinal. No IV fluids were administered prior to anaesthesia. Standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose. Hypotension (requiring intervention) received IV boluses of 3 mg ephedrine; repeated every 2 min if hypotension persisted or recurred
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; nausea and/or vomiting Neonatal: Apgar scores; umbilical arterial and venous pH
Notes	Hypotension defined as SBP < 100 mmHg or 20% decrease from baseline.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Randomly assigned" – no further details given
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	As above
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No losses to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	None of the neonatal outcomes were reported in a form that could be used in this review.
Other bias	Low risk	Baseline characteristics were similar.