Mathru 1980.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	87 women Inclusion criteria: healthy parturients undergoing elective caesarean under spinal anaesthesia
Interventions	Colloid + crystalloid versus crystalloid versus ephedrine + crystalloid versus ephedrine + colloid + crystalloid Group 1: 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate with 5% dextrose solution (15 mL/kg) Group 2: Ringer's lactate with 5% dextrose solution (15 mL/kg) Group 3: Ringer's lactate with 5% dextrose solution (15 mL/kg) plus ephedrine 25 mg IM Group 4: 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate with 5% dextrose solution (15 mL/kg) plus ephedrine 25 mg IM Fluids were administered as a preload over 15‐20 min before spinal anaesthesia. All women received a standardised anaesthetic technique with variable local anaesthetic dose (6‐8 mg 0.5% hyperbaric tetracaine).
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; MAP; heart rate Neonatal: Apgar scores
Notes	Hypotension defined as a decrease in SBP below 90 torr
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not stated
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: not stated
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Inadequate reporting
Other bias	High risk	Variable dose of local anaesthetic used for spinal anaesthesia