Muzlifah 2009.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	80 women Inclusion criteria: ASA I or II women scheduled for elective CS under spinal anaesthesia, normal singleton pregnancy; > 36 weeks' gestation; BMI 20‐38 kg/m²; height > 145 cm Exclusion criteria: contraindications for spinal anaesthesia and failed spinal necessitating conversion to GA Setting: Malaysia
Interventions	Crystalloids: different preload volumes Group 1: low volume crystalloid 10 mL/kg of Ringer's lactate infusion preload Group 2: high volume crystalloid 20 mL/kg of Ringer's lactate infusion preload All women received standardised aspiration prophylaxis, standardised anaesthetic technique and dose, standardised fluid maintenance. Hypotension was managed with 6 mg boluses of ephedrine.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; BP; ephedrine requirement; nausea; vomiting; oxygen saturation; respiratory rate
Notes	Hypotension was defined as a > 20% fall in MAP from baseline.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Coin toss
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Randomly allocated" – no further details reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Described as "single blinded" – no further details reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	As above
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No losses to follow‐up reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	No neonatal outcomes were reported
Other bias	Low risk	Similar baseline characteristics