Pouliou 2006.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	60 women Inclusion criteria: ASA I‐II women aged 18‐45 having elective LSCS under spinal anaesthesia No exclusion criteria mentioned in abstract Setting: Greece
Interventions	Pre‐spinal anaesthesia IM ephedrine versus delayed IV ephedrine Group 1: ephedrine IM 37.5 mg 15 min before spinal Group 2: ephedrine 15 mg IV 2 min after spinal anaesthesia All women received a standardised crystalloid preload followed by a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose
Outcomes	Maternal: incidence/severity of hypotension
Notes	Hypotension classified as "mild" (decrease of 20% from baseline) or "severe" (decrease of < 30% from baseline)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Double‐randomised" but no details as to how
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Unable to be blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting