Rout 1992.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	20 women Inclusion criteria: healthy parturients undergoing elective CS, term, singleton pregnancies, cephalic presentation, not more than 90 kg Exclusion criteria: medical or obstetric complications or evidence of placental dysfunction
Interventions	Crystalloid preload: comparison of different rates of infusion Group 1: plasmalyte‐L 20 mL/kg infused over 20 min prior to spinal anaesthesia Group 2: plasmalyte‐L 20 mL/kg infused over 10 min prior to spinal anaesthesia All women received a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; heart rate; CVP; spinal to birth time; uterine incision to birth time; block height at 5 min; ephedrine dose Neonatal: Apgar scores (minus colour) at 2 and 5 min; umbilical arterial and venous blood gas and pH (data incomplete)
Notes	Hypotension was defined as SBP less than 100 mmHg and less than 80% of baseline.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up not stated
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting