Rout 1993a.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	100 women Inclusion criteria: ASA I parturients undergoing elective repeat CS with uncomplicated singleton pregnancy and weight less than 90 kg at term Exclusion criteria: not specified
Interventions	Lower leg compression versus leg elevation versus control Group 1: legs horizontal but wrapped from toe to mid‐thigh with rubber Esmarch bandages with preservation of pedal pulses Group 2: legs elevated on 4 pillows at 30 degrees to horizontal Group 3: control – neither wrapped nor raised All women received a standardised crystalloid preload and a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; diastolic BP; heart rate; onset of hypotension; ephedrine dose; spinal to birth time; uterine incision to birth time Neonatal: umbilical arterial and venous blood gas; pH < 7.25; Apgar scores minus colour at 2 min and 5 min
Notes	Hypotension defined as defined as SBP less than 100 mmHg and less than 80% baseline
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: 3/100 – 2 women had an inadequate block and 1 woman had a high block (groups not specified)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Not apparent
Other bias	Unclear risk	Not apparent