Singh 2016.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	50 women Inclusion criteria: primiparous, full‐term parturients, aged 18‐40 years, ASA I, scheduled for elective CS Exclusion criteria: refusal of regional anaesthesia, contraindications to spinal anaesthesia, fetal abnormalities, known allergy to any of the drugs used in the study, pregnancy‐induced hypertension or parturients with SBP > 140 mmHg, history of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular and any chronic diseases Setting: India
Interventions	Ephedrine versus control Group 1: 1 mL 5 mg ephedrine IV immediately after SAB Group 2: 1 mL 0.9% NaCl IV immediately after SAB All women received standardised monitoring, standardised crystalloid IV fluid, standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose. Treatment of hypotension involved rapid infusion of Ringer's lactate and 5 mg IV ephedrine. Bradycardia treated with 0.6 mg IV atropine sulfate.
Outcomes	Maternal: incidence of hypotension, reactive hypertension, number of patients requiring rescue ephedrine, total dose of rescue ephedrine (mg), bradycardia, nausea/vomiting, average time to delivery Neonatal: Apgar scores at 1 min and 5 min
Notes	Hypotension was defined as a decrease in SBP of > 20% Bradycardia was defined as heart rate < 60 bpm Reactive hypertension: SBP > 140 mmHg
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated randomisation
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blinded. Study solution prepared by person not involved in the study
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Study staff recorded outcomes
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All patients completed protocol
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Not evident
Other bias	Unclear risk	None evident