Tercanli 2005.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	22 women Inclusion criteria: healthy women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at 36‐40 weeks' gestation, not in labour, undergoing elective caesarean under spinal anaesthesia
Interventions	Crystalloid: high versus low volume preload Group 1: 15 mL/kg Ringer's lactate Group 2: 150 mL Ringer's lactate All women received a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; ephedrine dose Neonatal: pulsatility indices; pH (mean and SD); Apgar score at 1 min, 5 min, and 10 min (mean and SD); NACS
Notes	Hypotension was defined as decrease in SBP of more than 20% from baseline.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Adequate: drawing of sealed consecutive opaque sealed envelopes a day before surgery
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not stated
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Losses to follow‐up: not stated but losses unlikely
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Not apparent
Other bias	Low risk	Not apparent