Torres unpub.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	50 women Inclusion criteria: scheduled for elective CS Exclusion criteria: contraindications to spinal anaesthesia, fetal or maternal pathology and known allergy to the drugs being administered
Interventions	Ephedrine versus control Group 1: ephedrine IV 8 mg Group 2: placebo (saline) Study drugs were given at the same time as spinal anaesthetic. All women received a preload of 10 mL/kg Ringer's lactate, a prophylactic dose of 8 mg of ephedrine prior to intrathecal injection, a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose, and standardised positioning for surgery.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; dose of local anaesthetic; level of block; surgical time; BP; heart rate; nausea; vomiting; total ephedrine dose; postdural puncture headache Neonatal: Apgar score at 1 min and 5 min
Notes	Hypotension was defined as decrease in SBP of 20% or more.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Double‐blind but details not reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Double‐blind but details not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Not apparent
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Not apparent
Other bias	Low risk	Not apparent