Turkoz 2002.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	30 women Inclusion criteria: healthy women at term undergoing elective CS under spinal anaesthesia Exclusion criteria: active labour, rupture of amniotic membranes, chronic or pregnancy‐induced hypertension, insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, multiple gestation, oligohydramnios and preoperative diagnosis of small for gestational age fetus
Interventions	Ephedrine infusion versus ephedrine bolus Group 1: ephedrine infusion IV 5 mg/min commenced immediately after intrathecal injection Group 2: control – ephedrine bolus 10 mg administered if hypotension developed All women received standardised positioning, standardised crystalloid preload, a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique with the dose adjusted according to subject's height.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension); nausea and vomiting; BP; heart rate; arterial blood Neonatal: umbilical arterial blood; umbilical venous blood; heart rate; BP
Notes	Hypotension defined as 20% decrease from baseline (measured prior to fluid preload)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Sealed envelopes
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not stated
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: not stated
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting