Upadya 2016.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	50 women Inclusion criteria: non‐labouring ASA I/II undergoing elective CS Exclusion criteria: patients aged < 18 years or > 40 years, weighing > 100 kg, height < 152 cm, associated diabetes mellitus, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, chronic hypertension, heart disease, multiple gestation, breech presentation, SBP < 100 mmHg, patients who had received IV fluids prior to surgery Setting: India
Interventions	Crystalloid preload versus colloid preload Group 1 crystalloid preload: 1000 mL Ringer's lactate Group 2 colloid preload: 500 mL 6% hetastarch Fluids were administered 30 min prior to surgery. All women received standardised aspiration prophylaxis, standardised cannulation, standardised monitoring, standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose, standardised positioning, standardised oxygen therapy. Hypotension was managed with IV boluses of 5 mg of ephedrine, repeated every 2 min as required.
Outcomes	Maternal: incidence of hypotension, nausea/vomiting, interval between spinal injection and delivery Neonatal: Apgar scores
Notes	Hypotension was defined as SBP < 100 mmHg and < 80% baseline BP
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not specified
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not specified
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not specified
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not specified
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No evidence of losses to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Not evident
Other bias	Low risk	None apparent