Ure 1999.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	50 women Inclusion criteria: singleton pregnancy, ASA I or II, presenting for elective caesarean at term Exclusion criteria: height < 152 cm, multiple pregnancy, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, placenta praevia, diabetes mellitus, maternal refusal, clotting disorder, fixed cardiac output disease, pre‐existing neurological disease, local and systemic sepsis, and allergy to local anaesthetics
Interventions	Glycopyrrolate versus control Group 1: glycopyrrolate 200 µg Group 2: saline (placebo) All women received the study drug with a standardised crystalloid preload (15 mL/kg). All women received a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose followed by standardised surgical positioning.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; nausea; nausea severity score; nausea episodes per woman; vomiting; ephedrine dose; heart rate; duration of operation; time to block; blood loss Neonatal: birthweight; Apgar score
Notes	Hypotension defined as decrease in SAP 20% or more from baseline or absolute decrease to less than 100 mmHg
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinding: "double‐blind"; "both glycopyrrolate and saline were given as 1 mL of clear fluid and therefore the participant and researcher were blinded to the randomization"
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	As above
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Losses to follow‐up: 1 woman in the glycopyrrolate group refused subarachnoid anaesthesia after the study drug had been given
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Not apparent
Other bias	Low risk	Not apparent