Webb 1998.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	40 women Inclusion criteria: parturients receiving spinal anaesthesia for elective CS Exclusion criteria: impalpable lumbar spines, baseline BP > 150/90, coagulopathy, sepsis, hypovolaemia
Interventions	Ephedrine versus control Group 1: ephedrine 37.5 mg IM in 1.5 mL saline administered prior to spinal anaesthesia Group 2: placebo 1.5 mL saline IM in deltoid muscle administered prior to spinal anaesthesia All women received a standardised crystalloid preload, and a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique and dose.
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; hypertension; heart rate Neonatal: Apgar scores at 5 min; umbilical vein pH (expressed as mean and SD)
Notes	Hypotension was defined as a decrease in SBP < 100 mmHg OR > 70% baseline Hypertension was defined as SBP > 30% above baseline, but no intervention reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not state
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: not stated
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting