Wilson 1998.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	70 women Inclusion criteria: pregnant women (ASA I or II) undergoing elective CS
Interventions	Glucose versus crystalloid preload Group 1: glucose 5% IV Group 2: normal saline IV Administered at 125 mL/h prior to spinal anaesthesia Unclear whether all women received the same anaesthetic technique and dose
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; total study solution received; total IV preload; glucose levels Neonatal: Apgar scores; umbilical cord gases
Notes	Hypotension was defined as SBP > 20% decrease
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinding: study solutions "were enclosed in an opaque bag to maintain blinding"; "double‐blind"
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	As above
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: not stated
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting
Other bias	High risk	Variable dose of local anaesthetic used for spinal anaesthesia