Wilson 1999.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	120 women Inclusion criteria: ASA I‐II singleton pregnancy, able to speak English, undergoing elective CS Exclusion criteria: morbid obesity, glucose intolerance, taking vasoactive medication or that known to alter glucose metabolism
Interventions	Comparison of dextrose 5% versus normal saline as a crystalloid preload Group 1: dextrose 5% in normal saline at 125 mL/h IV for 2 hours before surgery Group 2: normal saline at same rate All women received a standardised crystalloid preload after the study drug (normal saline 15 mL/kg) followed by a standardised anaesthetic technique and dose, and standardised surgical positioning
Outcomes	Maternal: hypotension; serial blood glucose measurements; preoperative fasting time; total fluid volume administered; block height; spinal‐birth time Neonatal: Apgar scores at 1 min, 5 min, and 10 min; umbilical venous and arterial blood gas; pH; lactate and glucose (generally expressed as mean (SD))
Notes	Hypotension defined as a decrease in SBP > 20% or BP less than 100 mmHg
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated table
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinding: intervention solutions in opaque bags – participants, anaesthetist and investigator unaware of allocation
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	As above
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Losses to follow‐up: 1 participant was excluded from saline only group due to incomplete maternal data; and neonatal data were incomplete due to technical problems with umbilical cord blood analysis
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unclear reporting