Yorozu 2002.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	67 women Inclusion criteria: without toxaemia, undergoing caesarean under spinal anaesthesia Setting: Japan
Interventions	Colloid preload versus crystalloid preload Group 1: HES starch 1% dextrose (n = 32) Group 2: Ringer's lactate (n = 35) For all women IV infusion was commenced at arrival in the operating room and continued until delivery All women received a standardised spinal anaesthetic technique with dose adjusted according to subject's height, and standardised surgical positioning
Outcomes	Maternal: pain; time from incision to birth; hypotension; ephedrine dose; duration of hypotension; level of block; blood loss Neonatal: Apgar score; birthweight; blood pH; pO2; pCO2; BE; blood sugar; haemoglobin
Notes	Hypotension was defined as SBP < 90 mmHg
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Paediatricians blinded for Apgar scores
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Not apparent, but not well reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	Not apparent, but not well reported

ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification; BE: base excess; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; bpm: beats per minute; cc: cubic centimetre, equivalent to 1 mL; CS: caesarean section; CSE: combined spinal‐epidural; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CTG: cardiotocography; CVP: central venous pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; ET‐1: enothelin‐1; GA: general anaesthetic; HES: hydroxyethyl starch; IDC: in‐dwelling catheter (urinary catheter); IVT: intravascular transfusion; IM: intramuscular; IV: intravenous; LSCS: lower segment caesarean section; MAP: mean arterial pressure; NACS: neurologic and adaptive capacity score; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; NS: normal saline; pO₂: partial pressure of oxygen; pCO₂: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SAB: sub‐arachnoid block; SAP: systolic arterial pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SCD: sequential compression device; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of mean; SpO₂/SaO₂: oximetry; SST: supine stress test; TED: thromboembolic deterrent; w/v: weight/volume; 0.9% NaCl/ 0.9% NS: 0.9% sodium chloride, normal saline.