Abedinzadeh 2010.

Methods	RCT
Participants	Women undergoing caesarean section Inclusion criteria: aged 20‐40 years, ASA physical status I and II, single pregnancy, elective caesarean, gestational age ≥ 37 weeks Exclusion criteria: hypovolaemia, deformity of spinal column, increase of intracranial pressure, coagulopathy, infection of skin or soft tissue and dissatisfaction of patient
Interventions	Atropine versus ephedrine versus phenylephrine Group 1: 0.5 mg atropine (IV) before spinal anaesthesia (single dose) Group 2: 5 mg ephedrine before spinal anaesthesia (single dose) Group 3: 100 µg phenylephrine (mucosal) before spinal anaesthesia (single dose) All women receive 500 mL Ringer's lactate before spinal anaesthesia
Outcomes	Maternal: blood pressure; heart rate; oxygen saturation Neonatal: —
Notes	Full report published in 2012, in Arabic, abstract is in English Awaiting translation