Table II.
Risk factors associated with hospitalization, intensive care, and mortality among patients with a history of asthma and COVID-2019
| Variable | Hospitalization |
ICU |
Mortality |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable analysis (n = 1827)∗ | Multivariable analysis (n = 1717)† | Univariable analysis (n = 565)∗ | Multivariable analysis (n = 543)† | Univariable analysis (n = 1827)∗ | Multivariable analysis (n = 1678)† | |
| Age | 1.46 (1.38-1.55)‡ | NA | 1.03 (0.94-1.13)‡ | NA | 2.25 (1.95-2.63)‡ | NA |
| Sex: male | 1.64 (1.32-2.05) | 1.75 (1.36-2.24)§ | 1.04 (0.73-1.46) | NA | 1.7 (1.1-2.62) | 1.95 (1.16-3.26)‖ |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA |
| Black | 1.69 (1.26-2.26) | 1.65 (1.19-2.27)¶ | 0.67 (0.43-1.06) | 0.68 (0.42-1.1) | 0.94 (0.51-1.75) | NA |
| Asian | 3.01 (1.55-5.85) | 3.19 (1.56-6.54)¶ | 1.5 (0.58-3.85) | 2.16 (0.79-5.92) | NA | NA |
| Other/unknown | 1.28 (0.98-1.67) | .93 (0.61-1.42) | 0.51 (0.32-0.81) | 0.6 (0.37-0.99)‖ | 0.61 (0.3-1.23) | NA |
| Ethnicity, Hispanic | 1.11 (0.87-1.42) | 1.34 (0.9-1.98) | 0.98 (0.66-1.47) | NA | 0.6 (0.31-1.17) | 0.83 (0.41-1.71) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Married/partnered | 0.78 (0.6-1) | 0.94 (0.72-1.25) | 1.59 (1.05-2.39) | 1.56 (1.01-2.41)‖ | 0.58 (0.32-1.04) | 0.6 (0.32-1.11) |
| Divorced | 0.89 (0.63-1.27) | 0.92 (0.63-1.36) | 1.69 (0.97-2.96) | 1.7 (0.95-3.03) | 0.69 (0.33-1.43) | 0.69 (0.31-1.51) |
| Widowed | 1.31 (0.85-2) | 1.41 (0.88-2.28) | 2.32 (1.27-4.24) | 2.17 (1.15-4.09)‖ | 1.53 (0.83-2.82) | 1.85 (0.93-3.71) |
| Education level | ||||||
| College and above | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA |
| High school or equivalent | 1.37 (1.05-1.78) | 1.13 (0.84-1.53) | 0.77 (0.5-1.18) | NA | 1.16 (0.66-2.03) | NA |
| Did not complete high school | 1.54 (1.1-2.17) | 1.17 (0.78-1.75) | 0.99 (0.59-1.69) | NA | 1.33 (0.66-2.68) | NA |
| Unknown | 1.02 (0.76-1.37) | 0.84 (0.6-1.18) | 0.63 (0.39-1.03) | NA | 1.12 (0.61-2.04) | NA |
| Insurance type | ||||||
| Commercial | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Medicaid | 1.64 (1.21-2.24) | 1.21 (0.84-1.74) | 0.85 (0.51-1.42) | 1.05 (0.61-1.84) | NA | 0.97 (0.31-3.04) |
| Medicare | 1.18 (0.89-1.56) | 0.93 (0.68-1.27) | 1.04 (0.69-1.57) | 1.04 (0.67-1.62) | 1.56 (0.94-2.59) | 1.47 (0.85-2.52) |
| Others | 0.97 (0.41-2.27) | 0.61 (0.22-1.68) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Smoking history | ||||||
| Never smoker | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Current smoker | 1.41 (0.95-2.1) | 0.82 (0.51-1.3) | 0.68 (0.35-1.32) | NA | 1.23 (0.46-3.29) | 0.66 (0.23-1.93) |
| Former smoker | 1.1 (0.87-1.4) | 0.84 (0.64-1.11) | 0.97 (0.66-1.41) | NA | 1.21 (0.77-1.91) | 0.74 (0.44-1.26) |
| BMI | 1.01 (1-1.03) | NA | 1.03 (1-1.05) | 1.03 (1-1.05)‖ | 1 (0.97-1.03) | 0.99 (0.96-1.02) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.82 (1.44-2.3) | 1.33 (1.02-1.75)‖ | 1.09 (0.76-1.54) | NA | 1.67 (1.09-2.58) | 1.27 (0.76-2.11) |
| COPD | 1.96 (1.47-2.6) | 1.92 (1.35-2.72)§ | 1.41 (0.94-2.11) | 1.33 (0.84-2.1) | 1.74 (1.11-2.73) | 1.51 (0.88-2.6) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.76 (1.29-2.39) | 1.22 (0.86-1.73) | 1.83 (1.18-2.83) | 1.64 (1.02-2.62)‖ | 1.94 (1.21-3.1) | 1.42 (0.83-2.43) |
| Chronic liver disease | 1.64 (1.22-2.22) | 1.31 (0.94-1.82) | 1.34 (0.93-1.93) | NA | 1.29 (0.68-2.45) | NA |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.91 (1.51-2.41) | 1.52 (1.16-2)¶ | 1.26 (0.84-1.88) | 1.03 (0.68-1.55) | 2.75 (1.66-4.55) | 2.21 (1.21-4.04)¶ |
| Hypertension | 1.92 (1.51-2.45) | 1.32 (0.99-1.77) | 1.11 (0.75-1.66) | NA | 1.38 (0.79-2.41) | 1.09 (0.52-2.26) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 0.66 (0.52-0.84) | 0.77 (0.59-1.01) | 1.83 (1.18-2.83) | NA | 0.64 (0.37-1.11) | 0.73 (0.39-1.35) |
| Medications | ||||||
| ICS | 0.66 (0.52-0.84) | 0.92 (0.61-1.39) | 0.73 (0.45-1.19) | NA | 0.85 (0.45-1.59) | NA |
| ICS-LABA combination | 1.01 (0.76-1.33) | 1.08 (0.73-1.59) | 0.84 (0.54-1.3) | NA | 0.65 (0.36-1.18) | NA |
| Anticholinergic | 1.41 (0.86-2.3) | 0.74 (0.41-1.34) | 0.87 (0.42-1.79) | NA | 1.32 (0.57-3.08) | NA |
| SABA | ||||||
| SABA none | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| SABA-only | 0.65 (0.49-0.86) | 0.59 (0.43-0.8)§ | 0.62 (0.39-1) | 1.6 (0.98-2.62) | 0.72 (0.37-1.39) | 0.74 (0.36-1.51) |
| With controller | 0.76 (0.59-0.98) | 0.73 (0.48-1.11) | 0.46 (0.27-0.8) | 0.65 (0.42-1.02) | 0.83 (0.5-1.39) | 0.85 (0.47-1.53) |
| SABA-anticholinergic combination | 1.99 (1.31-3.01) | 1.74 (1.09-2.8)‖ | 1.13 (0.65-1.97) | NA | 1.54 (0.81-2.91) | 1.23 (0.61-2.48) |
BMI, Body mass index; LABA, long-acting beta-agonist.
Values are OR (95% CI). Text in boldface indicates statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, with significance level set at P < .0016.
∗
Age-stratified logistic regression analysis was applied to all individual variables except age.
†
Age-stratified multivariable analysis with the variables listed in the present table. Variables were chosen on the basis of P ≤ .1 calculated using Wilcoxon test, χ2 test, or Fisher exact test. “NA” indicates that the corresponding variable or variable category was not included for the multivariable analysis.
‡
The OR and CI were reported for an increase in age by 10 years.
§
P < .001.
‖
P < .05
¶
P < .01