Table 1.

LifeCycle Project cohorts that together form the basis of the EU Child Cohort Network

Cohort, Country (N)	Design, birth years, Follow-up Main early-life stressors	Available mediators	Available outcomes
ALSPAC United Kingdom N = 14,500 [74, 75]	Prospective, 1991–1992 Pregnancy-25 yrs Socio-economic, migration, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy Brain development by MRI	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, infections, asthma, lung function Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
ALSPAC-G2 United Kingdom N = 2000 [76]	Prospective, from 2011 Preconception-2 yrs Socio-economic, migration and life-style determinants	Epigenetics Metabolomics Brain development by ultrasound	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure Respiratory: wheezing, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition
BIB United Kingdom N = 11,000 [77]	Prospective, 2007–2011 Pregnancy-9 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy Brain development by ultrasound	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, infections, asthma, lung function Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
CHOP Germany N = 500 [78]	Prospective, 2002–2004 Pregnancy-11 yrs Socio-economic, life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics, Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition
DNBC Denmark N = 70,000 [79]	Prospective, 1996–2002 Pre-pregnancy-20 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI Respiratory: wheezing, infections, asthma, lung function Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
EDEN France N = 2000 [80]	Prospective, 2003–2005 Pre-school-15 yrs Socio-economic, migration and life-style determinants	Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, lung function, asthma. Mental: behaviour, cognition, education
ELFE France N = 18,000 [81]	Prospective, 2011 Pre-school-5 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, life-style determinants	Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI Respiratory: wheezing, infections, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition
GECKO the Netherlands N = 2500 [82]	Prospective, 2006–2007 Pregnancy-10 yrs Socio-economic, migration, life-style	Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure Respiratory: wheezing, asthma Mental: behaviour, education
Generation R the Netherlands N = 7000 [83, 84]	Prospective, 2002–2006 Pregnancy-17 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy Brain development by ultrasound/MRI	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, infections, lung function, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
Generation R Next the Netherlands N = 2000	Prospective, 2016–2019 Pre-pregnancy-2 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy Brain development by ultrasound/MRI	Cardio-metabolic: body mass index, blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, infections, lung function, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition
HBCS Finland N = 13,000 [85]	Longitudinal, 1934–1944 Pregnancy-80 yrs Socio-economic, migration, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen		Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, lipids, insulin, glucose, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia Respiratory: asthma, COPD Mental: cognition, psychiatric illness
INMA Spain N = 3500 [86]	Prospective, 1997–2008 Pregnancy-20 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, lung function, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
MoBa Norway N = 90,000 [87]	Prospective, 1999–2008 Pregnancy-14 yrs Socio-economic, urban environment and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Allergy Brain development by MRI	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
NFBC1966 Finland N = 12,000 [88]	Prospective, 1966 Pregnancy-50 yrs Socio-economic, migration, life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy Brain development by MRI	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, lung function, asthma, COPD Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
NFBC1986 Finland N = 9500 [89]	Prospective, 1986 Pregnancy-30 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy Brain development by MRI	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, lung function, asthma, COPD Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
NINFEA Italy N = 7500 [90]	Prospective, 2005–2016 Pregnancy-13 yrs Socio-economic, urban environment, and life-style determinants	Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, asthma Mental: behaviour, education
RAINE Australia N = 2900 [91]	Prospective, 1989–1992 Pregnancy-25 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants, genome wide association screen	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy Brain development	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, lung function, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
RHEA Greece N = 1300 [92]	Prospective, 2007–2008 Pregnancy-7 yrs Socio-economic, migration, urban environment, and life-style determinants	Epigenetics Metabolomics Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, lipids, insulin, glucose Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, lung function, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression
SWS United Kingdom N = 3000 [93]	Prospective, 1998–2007 Prepregnancy-18 yrs Socio-economic and life-style determinants	Allergy	Cardio-metabolic: BMI, blood pressure, cardiac function and structure Respiratory: wheezing, respiratory infections, lung function, asthma Mental: behaviour, cognition, education, anxiety, depression