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. 2020 Jul 28;11:3771. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17343-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Posterior density over w_R for the FMRI experiment as well as the two behavioral experiments. b Percentage of posterior distribution shown in panel a that is bigger than zero (83% for the fMRI experiment, and 87% and 95% for behavioral experiments 1 and 2, respectively). c Average PEs binned by current outcome (Reward/No reward) and R-trace (low/high; median split) show the offset of PE coding generated by positive w_R. d Absolute PEs plotted as in panel c illustrate stronger positive value updates when R-trace is high and stronger negative value updates when R-trace is low (ANOVA interaction effect; asterisk indicates p < 0.001). e Estimated effective learning rates of the model demonstrate that the speed of learning differs based on both the type of current outcome and the GRS (ANOVA interaction effect; asterisk indicates p < 0.001). Note the similarity to panel d. f, g BICint and exceedance probability indicate that the full model fits better than one using either asymmetric (AsyAlpha) or dynamic learning rates (DynAlpha). The dashed red line indicates an exceedance probability of 0.95. (in all panels except, error bars indicate ±SEM around the mean across all experimental sessions with n = 65). Source data are provided as Source Data file. Symbols in panel c indicate monkey identity in panels c–e; MK abbreviates monkey.