Comparison 2. Opioid consumption: PCA versus control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
2.1 Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 24 h	25	1586	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	7.21 [1.44, 12.98]
2.1.1 Abdominal ‐ lower	7	504	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	9.62 [‐4.97, 24.21]
2.1.2 Abdominal ‐ upper	5	252	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.45 [‐7.50, 16.40]
2.1.3 Cardiothoracic	7	334	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.43 [‐1.83, 10.68]
2.1.4 Neurosurgical	4	213	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	19.65 [4.23, 35.07]
2.1.5 Mixed/other	2	283	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐3.85 [‐10.34, 2.64]
2.2 Consumption of morphine equivalents 25 to 48 h	9	449	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	5.37 [2.82, 7.92]
2.3 Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 48 h	8	334	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	17.50 [‐4.75, 39.75]
2.4 Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 72 h	4	244	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	21.06 [5.18, 36.94]
2.5 Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 24 h minus inadequately randomized trials	22	1396	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	8.42 [2.63, 14.22]
2.5.1 Abdominal ‐ lower	6	408	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	13.15 [5.54, 20.75]
2.5.2 Abdominal ‐ upper	4	212	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	6.14 [‐8.04, 20.32]
2.5.3 Cardiothoracic	7	334	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.43 [‐1.83, 10.68]
2.5.4 Neurosurgical	3	159	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	26.34 [6.75, 45.92]
2.5.5 Mixed/other	2	283	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐3.85 [‐10.34, 2.64]