Table 1.
Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on biochemical markers, as well as circulatory, digestive, and muscular systems.
| Decreased or impaired | Increased | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Biochemical markers | HDL, lipid-binding capability of APO-A1, circulating H2S | Blood sugar, HbA1c, MGO, AGEs, ox-LDL, sdLDL, FFAs, TG, GrB, angiopoietin-1/2, EPO, VEGF-A, resistin, SCGN, homocysteine, elastase, proteinase-3, MPO, sFasL | |
| Circulatory system | ECs | miR-Let7a, miR-26a, miR-126, mitochondrial membrane potential, catalase, superoxide dismutase, eNOS, NO | NF-κB1, caspase-3, Apoptosis, ROS, ICAM-1, IL-8, EMPs |
| CAPCs cells | VEGFR-1 expression | VEGFR-2 expression, Apoptosis | |
| Platelets | miR-126 expression | Activity, prothrombotic state, MPV, MPs generation, sP-selectin and sCD40L induction, p2y12 receptor expression | |
| Digestive system | IECs | GSH levels | Permeability, DMT1 expression, intestinal iron uptake, iNOS, NO |
| Pancreatic beta-cells | PDX-1 expression, insulin synthesis | Conversion into α- and δ-“like” cells, ER stress, caspase-3 expression, Apoptosis, ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, insoluble IAPP induction | |
| Liver | miR-206 | Steatosis, NF-κB1, STAT3 | |
| Muscular system | Skeletal muscle cells | GLUT-4 expression | NF-κB1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, MCP-1, GRO-α, and follistatin expression |
AGE, advanced glycation end product; APO, apolipoprotein; CAPCs, circulating angiogenic progenitor cells; CD, cluster of differentiation; DMT1, divalent metal transporter 1; ECs, endothelial cells; EMPs, endothelial microparticles; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; EPO, erythropoietin; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FFA, free fatty acid; GLUT-4, glucose transporter type 4; GrB, granzyme B; GRO, growth-regulated oncogene; GSH, glutathione; H2S, Hydrogen Sulfide; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IECs, intestinal epithelial cells; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MGO, methylglyoxal; miR, micro RNA; MP, Microparticle; MPO, Myeloperoxidase; MPV, mean platelet volume; NF-κB1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1; NO, nitric oxide; ox-LDL, oxidized LDL; PDX-1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCGN, secretagogin; sdLDL, small dense LDL; sFasL, soluble Fas ligand; TG, triglyceride; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor.