FIGURE 2.

Honey bee N. ceranae spore levels 4 days post inoculation (dpi; 2 × 10⁵ spores) following feeding infected worker bees with similar concentrations of different UNYP extracts. (A) Individual bees were fed ad libitum ethanol extract (EE, 2.6 g/l), methanol extract (ME, 2.6 g/l), dichloromethane extract (DE, 2.6 g/l), or a vehicle control (VC). All values represent the mean spore load ± SEM and the number of bees in each treatment group are indicated (**indicates p ≤ 0.01 and ****indicates p ≤ 0.0001). (B) Individual bees were fed ad libitum with different concentrations of dichloromethane (DCM) extracts (10-fold dilutions of 2.6 g/l DCM extract). All values represent the mean spore load per bee ± SEM (n = 23 bees per dose).