FIGURE 3.

Nosema ceranae spore viability following treatment with UNYP extracts in vitro. (A) Purified living spores were treated with dichloromethane extract (2.6 g/l, DE), methanol/water extract (2.6 g/l, ME), ethanol extract (2.6 g/l, EE), or a 7% ethanol vehicle control (VC) in 5% a sucrose solution for 24 h. Heat-killed spores (HK) served as a cell death control. Spores were fluorescently labeled with a nuclear cell viability dye following treatment and visualized with confocal fluorescent microscopy. Each value represents the mean ± SEM (n = 3, ***indicates p ≤ 0.001). Representative fluorescent and bright field overlaid images of (B) heat killed spores (HK), (C) spores treated with VC, and (D) spores treated with DE are shown. Scale bar = 10 μm.