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. 2020 Jul 28;10:12568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69412-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Digital fluorescent imaging is comparable to high-end fluorescent microscopy at the single-cell level. (A1) Magnified fluorescent images of green-fluorescent beads (15.65 µm) imaged with a high-end fluorescent optical microscope (40x) and (A2) the digital microscope (220x). (B) Large-scale comparison of fluorescent image uniformity and signal-to-noise ratio was performed on grey-scale, 8-bit images, which were down-sampled from multi-colour 24-bit RGB colour images. (C1–D3) Comparison tests were performed on individual green-fluorescent beads in relation to near-distance (< 1 mm) neighbouring beads based on a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), a mean absolute error (MAE), and a root-mean-square error (RMSE). (C1–C2) Boxplots show distribution of image quality based on SNR and PSNR for (C1) the high-end fluorescent optical microscope (n = 10), and for (C2) the low-cost digital microscope (n = 10). (C3) Randomized inter-comparison of SNR and of PSNR of fluorescent bead appearance between high-end optical and low-cost digital microscopy (n = 10). (D1–D2) Boxplots show distribution of image quality based on MAE and RMSE for (D1) the high-end fluorescent optical microscope (n = 10), and for (D2) the low-cost digital microscope (n = 10). (D3) Randomized inter-comparison of SNR and PSNR of fluorescent bead appearance between high-end optical and low-cost digital microscopy.