Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Male | p-value | Female | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopenia (n=2,772) | Nonsarcopenia (n=5,281) | Sarcopenia (n=3,085) | Nonsarcopenia (n=7,644) | |||
| Age (yr) | 55.1±0.3 | 46.5±0.2 | <0.001 | 50.9±0.2 | 45.8±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Smoking (current smoker) | 596 (21.5) | 1,201 (22.7) | 0.354 | 356 (11.5) | 684 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Regular exercise | 1,457 (52.6) | 3,083 (58.4) | <0.001 | 1,432 (46.4) | 4,037 (52.8) | <0.001 |
| Risky drinking | 1,056 (38.1) | 1,709 (32.4) | <0.001 | 250 (8.1) | 563 (7.4) | 0.109 |
| Family income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 760 (27.4) | 739 (13.9) | 781 (25.4) | 1,367 (17.9) | ||
| Moderate-low | 703 (25.4) | 1,344 (25.6) | 619 (20.0) | 2,047 (26.8) | ||
| Moderate-high | 686 (24.7) | 1,645 (31.1) | 829 (26.9) | 2,016 (26.4) | ||
| High | 623 (22.5) | 1,559 (29.5) | 856 (27.7) | 2,214 (28.9) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤Elementary | 770 (27.9) | 773 (14.6) | 909 (29.5) | 1,596 (20.9) | ||
| Middle school | 384 (13.8) | 608 (11.5) | 240 (7.8) | 880 (11.5) | ||
| High school | 839 (30.9) | 2,105 (39.9) | 954 (30.9) | 3,150 (41.2) | ||
| ≥College | 779 (27.4) | 1,795 (34.0) | 982 (31.8) | 2,018 (26.4) | ||
| Anthropometric indices | ||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.3±0.1 | 25.1±0.1 | <0.001 | 20.6±0.1 | 24.4±0.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.4±0.2 | 86.8±0.1 | <0.001 | 71.9±0.1 | 81.3±0.1 | <0.001 |
| ASM (kg) | 18.9±0.4 | 23,7±0.4 | <0.001 | 12.6±0.1 | 15.1±0.1 | <0.001 |
| ASM/ht2 (kg/m2) | 6.98±0.08 | 8.24±0.09 | <0.001 | 5.1±0.1 | 6.2±0.1 | <0.001 |
| Total body fat mass (kg) | 13.5±0.9 | 16.4±0.7 | <0.001 | 16.7±0.1 | 19.8±0.1 | <0.001 |
| Total body fat percentage (%) | 21.7±0.1 | 22.1±0.1 | <0.001 | 32.5±0.1 | 33.1±0.1 | <0.001 |
| Nutritional status | ||||||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2073±17 | 2414±15 | <0.001 | 1632±12.3 | 1641±7.6 | 0.494 |
| Protein (g) | 72.8±0.8 | 87.1±0.7 | <0.001 | 58.1±0.6 | 57.3±0.3 | 0.098 |
| Calcium (g) | 323.6±6.7 | 374.2±5.7 | <0.001 | 431.5±5.4 | 446.9±4.1 | 0.037 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 333.8±2.3 | 367.3±1.9 | <0.001 | 274.7±1.9 | 288.2±1.4 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g) | 37.1±0.7 | 49.2±0.6 | <0.001 | 33.1±0.5 | 29.2±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 312 (11.3) | 396 (7.5) | <0.001 | 163 (5.3) | 624 (8.2) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard error or number (%).
Risky drinking was defined as drinking more than 5 alcoholic beverages at one occasion, and drinking more than 12 drinks at one occasion during the previous year.
Regular exercise was defined as moderate or strenuous exercise performed on a regular basis (>30 minutes at a time 5 times per week of moderate exercise or >20 minutes at a time 5 times per week of strenuous exercise, respectively) or walking >30 minutes at a time more than 5 times per week.
Daily energy and nutrient intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall method that was used in the nutrition survey.
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle, sum of both arm and leg.