Table 5.

Sociodemographic factors associated with frailty

Frailty scale	Residence (rural)*				Education (<high school)†				Income (low income)‡
	Prefrail		Frail		Prefrail		Frail		Prefrail		Frail
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
CHS	1.26	0.96–1.66	2.65	1.67–4.19	1.68	1.27–2.22	2.98	1.68–5.29	0.96	0.69–1.33	1.83	1.14–2.93
K-FRAIL	1.43	1.08–1.89	3.62	2.3–5.7	2.00	1.51–2.66	4.89	2.63–9.08	1.14	0.82–1.6	1.97	1.25–3.12
KFI	1.21	0.91–1.61	1.65	1.03–2.62	1.91	1.39–2.62	2.51	1.41–4.45	1.44	1.05–1.99	1.64	1.01–2.67
FI	1.16	0.88–1.53	3.37	1.82–6.24	2.13	1.57–2.88	2.84	1.35–5.98	1.25	0.91–1.71	1.83	1.02–3.26
KLoSHA	1.25	0.95–1.64	1.64	0.83–3.24	2.36	1.74–3.21	8.87	2.59–30.39	1.57	1.15–2.14	2.62	1.32–5.21
SOF	1.65	1.26–2.17	3.68	1.41–9.57	1.89	1.40–2.56	7.88	1.78–34.92	1.15	0.85–1.57	1.66	0.71–3.90

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; K-FRAIL, Korean version of the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and Loss of weight scale; KFI, Korean Frailty Index; FI, Frailty Instrument; KLoSHA, Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging; SOF, Study of Osteoporotic Fracture.

^*Odds of rural participants compared to that of urban adjusted for age, sex, education, and income level.

^†Odds of participants with lower education compared to high school graduates adjusted for age, sex, residence, and income level.

^‡Odds of participants with low-income level adjusted for age, sex, residence, and education.