TABLE 2.
Genes and associated protein names and functions.
| Gene name | Protein abbreviation | Protein name | Role/function | References |
| HIF1A | HIF-1α | Hypoxia inducible factor 1α | Transcription factor | Wang et al., 1995 |
| EPAS1 | HIF-2α | Hypoxia inducible factor 2α; Endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1 | Transcription factor | Liu et al., 2020 |
| HIF3A | HIF-3α | Hypoxia inducible factor 3α | Transcription factor | Zhang P. et al., 2014 |
| ARNT | HIF-1β / ARNT | Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator | Transcription factor | Hankinson, 2002 |
| EGLN2 | PHD1 | Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 1 | Prolyl hydroxylase | Schofield and Ratcliffe, 2004 |
| EGLN1 | PHD2 | Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 | Prolyl hydroxylase | Schofield and Ratcliffe, 2004 |
| EGLN3 | PHD3 | Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 3 | Prolyl hydroxylase | Schofield and Ratcliffe, 2004 |
| VHL | VHL | Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor | Tumor suppressor | Lerman, 2002 |
| EPO | EPO | Erythropoietin | Hormone | Lacombe and Mayeux, 2008 |
| VEGF | VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor | Signaling protein; angiogenic factor | Li, 2001 |
| ALDOA | ALDOA | Aldolase, Fructose-Bisphosphate A | Plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Catalyzes the reversible conversion of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) | Semenza et al., 1996 |
| ENO1 | ENO1 | Enolase 1 | Glycolytic enzyme. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate | Semenza et al., 1996; Park et al., 2016 |
| LDHA | LDHA; LDH5 | Lactate Dehydrogenase A | Catalyzes the inter-conversion of pyruvate and L-lactate with concomitant inter-conversion of NADH and NAD+ | Semenza et al., 1996 |
| REST | REST | RE1-Silencing Transcription factor | Transcriptional repressor | Liu et al., 2015 |
| PPARA | PPARα; NR1C1 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | Transcription factor. A major regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver | Popeijus, 2018 |
| HBB | HBB | Hemoglobin subunit beta | Protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen | Antonini and Brunori, 1970 |
| HBG2 | HBG2 | Hemoglobin subunit gamma | Protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen (Normally expressed in the fetus) | Adachi et al., 1990 |
| HFE | HFE | Human homeostatic iron regulator protein | Regulates circulating iron uptake | Enns, 2006 |
| PKLR | PKLR | Pyruvate Kinase L/R | Catalyzes the production of pyruvate and ATP from phosphoenolpyruvate | Jarrar et al., 2020 |
| CYP17A1 | CYP17A1 | Cytochrome P450 Family 17 Subfamily A Member 1 | Steroid 17α-monooxygenase | Tan et al., 2017; Jarrar et al., 2020 |
| HMOX2 | HMOX2 | Heme oxygenase 2 | Cleaves heme to form biliverdin, which is converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase, and carbon monoxide | Yang et al., 2016b |
| HLa-DQB1 | HLA-DQB1 | Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 | Part of a cell surface receptor that plays a central role in the immune system through presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins | Jones et al., 2006 |
| HLA-DPB1 | HLA-DPB1 | Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DP Beta 1 | Part of a cell surface receptor that plays a central role in the immune system through presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins | Jones et al., 2006 |
| ANKH | ANKH | Progressive ankylosis protein homolog | Transmembrane protein that controls pyrophosphate levels | Zaka and Williams, 2006 |
| ZNF532 | ZNF532 | Zinc Finger Protein 532 | May function as a transcription factor | Alekseyenko et al., 2017 |
| COL4A4 | COL4A4 | alpha4 (IV) chain of type IV collagen | Part of type IV collagen | Mariyama et al., 1994 |
| EDNRA | EDNRA | Endothelin Receptor Type A | Human G protein-coupled receptor | Maguire and Davenport, 2015 |
| PRKAA1 | PRKAA1 | Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha 1 | Kinase | Seza et al., 2019 |
| VEGFB | VEGFB | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B | Signaling protein; angiogenic factor | Li, 2001 |
| ELTD1 | ELTD1 | EGF, latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 | Involved in angiogenesis | Nechiporuk et al., 2001 |
| BRINP3 | BRINP3 | BMP/Retinoic Acid Inducible Neural Specific 3 | Inhibits neuronal cell proliferation by negative regulation of the cell cycle transition | Crawford et al., 2017 |
| NOS2 | NOS2 | Nitric oxide synthase 2 | Produces nitric oxide (NO) | Bigham et al., 2009 |
| TBX5 | TBX5 | T-Box Transcription Factor 5 | Transcription factor | Krishnan et al., 2008 |
| SENP1 | SENP1 | SUMO Specific Peptidase 1 | Catalyzes maturation of SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) | Cheng et al., 2007; Krishnan et al., 2008 |
| ANP32D | ANP32D | Acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member D | Tumor suppressor | Zhou et al., 2013 |
| FAM213A | PRXL2A; PAMM; FAM213A | Peroxiredoxin-like 2 activated in M-CSF stimulated monocytes (PAMM); REDOX-regulatory protein FAM213A | Involved in redox regulation of the cell | Valverde et al., 2015 |
| SFTPD | SFTPD | Surfactant Protein D | Innate immune system collectin | Ito et al., 2011 |
| GPR126 | GPR126; Adgrg6 | Adhesion G protein–coupled receptor G6 | G protein-coupled receptor | Cui et al., 2014 |
| THRB | THRB | Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta | Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription | Otto and Fandrey, 2008 |
| EDNRB | EDNRB | Endothelin receptor type B | G protein-coupled receptor | Stobdan et al., 2018 |
| BHLHE41 | BHLHE41 | Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Family Member E41; SHARP1; DEC2 | Transcriptional repressor | Azmi et al., 2003 |
| VAV3 | VAV3 | Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 | Guanine nucleotide exchange factor | Ulc et al., 2017 |
| RORA | RORA; RORα; NR1F1 | RAR-related orphan receptor A; RAR-related orphan receptor alpha; nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group F, member 1 | Exchange factor for GTP-binding proteins RhoA, RhoG and, to a lesser extent, Rac1; involved in angiogenesis | Li H. et al., 2018 |
| CIC | CIC | Capicua transcriptional repressor | Transcriptional repressor | Udpa et al., 2014 |
| LIPE | LIPE | Lipase E, hormone-sensitive type | Hydrolyzes stored triglycerides to free fatty acids; converts cholesteryl esters to free cholesterol for steroid hormone production | Briançon-Marjollet et al., 2016 |
| PAFAH1B3 | PAFAH1B3 | Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1B catalytic subunit 3 | Inactivates paf by removing the acetyl group at the sn-2 position | Tjoelker and Stafforini, 2000 |
| SIRT7 | SIRT7 | Sirtuin 7 | NAD-dependent deacetylase | Hubbi et al., 2013 |
| RYR2 | RYR2 | Ryanodine receptor 2 | Calcium channel that mediates the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm | Liao et al., 2011 |
| ANGPT1 | ANGPT1 | Angiopoietin 1 | Signaling protein involved in angiogenesis | Liu et al., 2008 |
| ANGPTL4 | Angptl4 | Angiopoietin-like 4 | Serum protein that is involved with modulating triacylglycerol homeostasis | Zhu et al., 2012 |
| ADAM17 | ADAM17; TACE | ADAM Metallopeptidase Domain 17; tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme | Cleaves the membrane-bound precursor of TNF-α to its mature soluble form | Chen et al., 2017 |
| ARG2 | ARG2 | Arginase 2 | Catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea | Jiang et al., 2015 |
| FIGF | FIGF; VEGF-D | C-fos-induced growth factor; vascular endothelial growth factor D | Growth factor active in angiogenesis | Morfoisse et al., 2015 |
| PGF | PGF | Placental Growth Factor | Growth factor active in angiogenesis | Tudisco et al., 2017 |
| TMPRSS6 | TMPRSS6 | Transmembrane Serine Protease 6; Matriptase-2 | Serine protease which hydrolyzes a range of proteins including type I collagen, fibronectin, and fibrinogen | Maurer et al., 2012 |
| ADORA2A | ADORA2A | Adenosine A2a Receptor | G protein-coupled receptor | Liu and Xia, 2015 |
| CCL2 | CCL2 | C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 | Cytokine | Baay-Guzman et al., 2012 |
| ENG | ENG | Endoglin | Role in the development of the cardiovascular system and in vascular remodeling | Tian et al., 2010 |
| PIK3C2A | PIK3C2A | Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Type 2 Alpha | Generates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and phosphatidylinositol 3, 4-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3, 4)P2] | Alam et al., 2009 |
| ATP12A | ATP12A | ATPase H+/K+ transporting non-gastric alpha2 subunit | Catalytic subunit of the ouabain-sensitive H+/K+ -ATPase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of H+ and K+ ions across the plasma membrane | Ge et al., 2013 |
| NOS3 | NOS3 | Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 | Produces nitric oxide (NO) | Ge et al., 2013 |
| ANGPTL3 | ANGPTL3 | Angiopoietin-like protein 3 | Secretory protein that regulates plasma lipid levels | Carbone et al., 2018 |
| PRCP | PRCP | Lysosomal prolylcarboxypeptidase | Cleaves C-terminal amino acids linked to proline in peptides | Hagedorn, 2011 |
| SEC24B | SEC24B | SEC24 Homolog B, COPII Coat Complex Component; Protein transport protein Sec24B | Part of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Verma et al., 2018 |
| EPHA1 | EPHA1 | Erythropoietin-Producing Hepatoma Receptor A1; EPH Tyrosine Kinase 1 | Receptor tyrosine kinase | Gale and Yancopoulos, 1999 |
| MCAM | MCAM; MUC18; CD146 | Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule | Cell adhesion | Shih and Kurman, 1996 |
| KAT6A | KAT6A | Lysine Acetyltransferase 6A | Histone acetyltransferase | Shukla et al., 2018 |
| MYH9 | MYH9 | Myosin Heavy Chain 9 | Appears to play a role in cytokinesis, cell shape, and cytoskeletal reorganization | Wang et al., 2019 |
| CYSLTR2 | CYSLTR2 | Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 2 | G protein-coupled receptor | Shao et al., 2015 |
| MYLK | MYLK | Myosin light chain kinase | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase | Pandey et al., 2015 |
| SPINT1 | SPINT1 | Serine Peptidase Inhibitor, Kunitz Type 1 | Inhibitor of HGF activator and matriptase | Susen et al., 2019 |
| PPAP2B | LPP3; PLPP3; PAP-2b; PPAP2B | Lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 3; phospholipid phosphatase 3; phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2B | Hydrolyzes extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and short-chain phosphatidic acid | Ren et al., 2013 |
| STRA6 | STRA6 | Signaling Receptor And Transporter Of Retinol STRA6 | Retinol transporter | Shao et al., 2015 |
| SLC29A1 | ENT1 | Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 | Sodium-independent transporter for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and for some nucleobases | Eltzschig et al., 2005 |
| MYO5B | MYO5B | Myosin VB | May be involved in vesicular trafficking via its association with the CART complex | Shao et al., 2015 |
| AJUBA | JUB; AJUBA | LIM Domain-Containing Protein Ajuba | Adapter/scaffold protein | Shao et al., 2015 |
| TGFBR3 | TGFBR3 | Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 3 | Binds to TGF-α | Chu et al., 2011 |
| VASN | VASN | Vasorin | May act as an inhibitor of TGF-beta signaling | Choksi et al., 2011 |
| ACAA2 | ACAA2 | Acetyl-CoA Acyltransferase 2; 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, mitochondrial | Catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation pathway | Foll et al., 2014 |
| PINK1 | PINK1 | PTEN Induced Kinase 1 | Lin et al., 2014 | |
| SIRT1 | SIRT1 | Sirtuin 1 | NAD-dependent deacetylase | Chen et al., 2011 |
| SIRT2 | SIRT2 | Sirtuin 2 | NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent deacetylase | Ekambaram and Parasuraman, 2017 |
| SOD2 | SOD2 | Superoxide Dismutase 2 | Converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen | van Patot and Gassmann, 2011 |
| NARFL | NARFL; CIAO3 | Nuclear Prelamin A Recognition Factor-Like Protein; Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Assembly Component 3 | Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex; seems to negatively regulate the level of HIF1A expression | Huerta-Sánchez et al., 2013 |
| COX1 | COX-1; PTGS | Cyclooxygenase; prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase | Key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis | Gautier-Veyret et al., 2013 |
| ADAM9 | ADAM9 | Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase Domain-Containing Protein 9 | Cleaves and releases a number of molecules with important roles in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis | Ahmed et al., 2017 |
| ADAMTS9 | ADAMTS9 | ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 9 | Cleaves the large aggregating proteoglycans, aggrecan, and versican | Rodríguez-Manzaneque et al., 2015 |
| UBE2D1 | UBE2D1 | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 | Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins | David et al., 2010 |
| SRF | SRF | Serum response factor | Transcription factor | Olson and Nordheim, 2010 |
| TXNRD2 | TXNRD2 | Thioredoxin Reductase 2 | Involved in the control of reactive oxygen species levels and the regulation of mitochondrial redox homeostasis | Yoshioka, 2015 |
| WNT7B | WNT7B | Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family, Member 7B | Ligand for frizzled family receptors; required for central nervous system (CNS) angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier regulation | Qu et al., 2013 |