Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis of clinical parameters and AS event-based risk score model of the TCGA GBM patients in the training cohort (n = 101) and internal validation cohort (n = 55).

Variables	Training set (n = 101)				Validation set (n = 51)
	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate analysis		Univariate Analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P
Age	1.028 (1.013–1.044)	<0.001	1.024 (1.006–1.043)	0.010	1.211 (1.171–1.249)	<0.001	1.088 (1.049–1.127)	<0.001
Sex	0.912 (0.623–1.334)	0.635	–	–	0.877 (0.485–1.269)	0.775	–	–
New event	0.568 (0.389–0.829)	0.003	0.439 (0.271–0.710)	<0.001	0.377 (0.338–0.416)	<0.001	0.347 (0.308–0.386)	<0.001
KPS	0.926 (0.695–1.233)	0.598	–	–	1.112 (0.721–1.504)	0.545	–	–
Pharmaceutical therapy	1.269 (1.129–1.425)	<0.001	1.114 (1.075–1.153)	0.011	1.215 (1.177–1.264)	<0.001	1.187 (1.168–1.226)	0.032
Radiation therapy	0.432 (0.262–0.712)	0.001	0.577 (0.366–0.908)	0.018	0.757 (0.618–0.796)	0.005	0.889 (0.944–0.929)	0.045
Surgery	0.962 (0.539–1.716)	0.895	–	–	0.911 (0.519–1.313)	0.798	–	–
IDH mutation status	0.263 (0.096–0.716)	0.009	1.261 (0.381–4.173)	0.704	0.853 (0.804–0.8922)	0.021	0.931 (0.5391–1.724)	0.334
Integrated AS signature (Low/High risk score)	3.604 (2.415–5.378)	<0.001	1.426 (0.856–2.376)	0.173	3.313 (2.921–3.705)	<0.001	1.267 (0.875–1.669)	0.088
AA signature (Low/High risk score)	3.653 (2.431–5.488)	<0.001	1.513 (0.932–2.455)	0.094	3.593 (2.201–4.985)	<0.001	1.115 (0.723–2.507)	0.214
AD signature (Low/High risk score)	4.305 (2.863–6.472)	<0.001	2.422 (1.491–3.935)	<0.001	5.312 (3.273–6.351)	<0.001	4.899 (3.507–6.291)	<0.001
AP signature (Low/High risk score)	3.430 (2.290–5.136)	<0.001	1.542 (0.923–2.578)	0.098	2.745 (2.453–3.137)	<0.001	1.561 (0.769–1.958)	0.313
AT signature (Low/High risk score)	3.244 (2.174–4.841)	<0.001	1.498 (0.909–2.470)	0.113	3.677 (2.285–4.169)	<0.001	1.855 (0.946–2.547)	0.093
ES signature (Low/High risk score)	5.145 (3.382–7.828)	<0.001	4.355 (2.517–7.534)	<0.001	6.213 (5.612–6.813)	<0.001	4.461 (3.867–5.061)	<0.001
ME signature (Low/High risk score)	2.122 (1.454–3.097)	<0.001	1.208 (0.774–1.887)	0.406	1.866 (1.267–2.478)	<0.001	1.211 (0.819–2.603)	0.322
RI signature (Low/High risk score)	4.092 (2.687–6.231)	<0.001	1.461 (0.881–2.425)	0.142	3.810 (3.418–4.202)	<0.001	1.259 (0.659–1.859)	0.078

AS, alternative splicing; GBM, glioblastoma; AA, alternate acceptor site; AD, alternate donor site; AP, alternate promoter; AT, alternate terminator; ES, exon skip; ME, mutually exclusive exons; RI, retained intron; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; CT, chemotherapy; TMT, targeted molecular therapy; HT, hormone therapy.

“New event” included progression and recurrence. “Others” in pharmaceutical therapy included CT + TMT + HT, CT + TMT + Immunotherapy, and CT + Immunotherapy.

All statistical tests were two-sided.

Bold type means P <0.05.