Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the study sample (n = 138,734).
| VARIABLES | YEAR, WEIGHTED % | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |
| Location | |||||||||||||||||
| Rural | 15.3 | 15.2 | 14.8 | 14.6 | 15.0 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 12.3 | 13.6 | 13.4 | 11.7 |
| Urban | 84.7 | 84.8 | 85.2 | 85.4 | 85.0 | 85.6 | 84.9 | 84.9 | 85.4 | 85.5 | 86.7 | 87.7 | 87.1 | 87.7 | 86.4 | 86.6 | 88.3 |
| Age, y | |||||||||||||||||
| 19-44 | 48.4 | 47.6 | 46.4 | 45.8 | 44.9 | 43.7 | 42.8 | 42.2 | 41.3 | 40.9 | 40.2 | 40.0 | 39.3 | 39.0 | 38.4 | 38.1 | 38.9 |
| 45-64 | 34.7 | 36.1 | 36.9 | 37.5 | 37.9 | 38.4 | 39.4 | 39.7 | 40.2 | 40.1 | 40.4 | 39.0 | 39.2 | 38.8 | 38.6 | 38.8 | 36.9 |
| ≥ 65 | 16.9 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 17.2 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 18.1 | 18.5 | 19.0 | 19.4 | 20.9 | 21.5 | 22.1 | 23.0 | 23.2 | 24.2 |
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||
| Male | 42.6 | 42.5 | 42.6 | 42.9 | 43.1 | 43.4 | 43.3 | 43.0 | 42.8 | 43.3 | 43.3 | 43.3 | 43.3 | 43.4 | 43.3 | 44.1 | 43.7 |
| Female | 57.4 | 57.5 | 57.4 | 57.1 | 56.9 | 56.6 | 56.7 | 57.0 | 57.2 | 56.7 | 56.7 | 56.7 | 56.7 | 56.6 | 56.7 | 55.9 | 56.3 |
| Married | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 37.6 | 37.1 | 37.4 | 37.7 | 37.5 | 37.4 | 37.9 | 38.3 | 38.2 | 38.8 | 38.9 | 39.2 | 39.2 | 40.3 | 40.1 | 39.0 | 40.3 |
| Yes | 62.4 | 62.9 | 62.6 | 62.3 | 62.5 | 62.6 | 62.1 | 61.7 | 61.8 | 61.2 | 61.1 | 60.8 | 60.8 | 59.7 | 59.9 | 61.0 | 59.7 |
| Race or Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 83.8 | 81.9 | 81.4 | 80.7 | 78.9 | 79.2 | 79.9 | 79.1 | 78.9 | 78.7 | 77.7 | 77.2 | 76.4 | 75.6 | 75.2 | 74.0 | 73.8 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.4 |
| Hispanic | 6.2 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 |
| Other | 3.1 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 8.4 |
| Family Income (% of Poverty Level) | |||||||||||||||||
| Poor | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 6.8 |
| Near poor | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Low income | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 7.4 |
| Middle income | 29.8 | 29.4 | 27.8 | 28.1 | 29.4 | 28.7 | 28.2 | 27.5 | 28.0 | 27.7 | 27.9 | 28.2 | 28.7 | 27.7 | 25.5 | 24.4 | 25.1 |
| High income | 53.2 | 53.6 | 55.2 | 54.5 | 53.4 | 54.1 | 55.9 | 55.4 | 54.1 | 54.1 | 53.4 | 52.6 | 52.8 | 53.4 | 56.0 | 58.0 | 58.4 |
| Education Level | |||||||||||||||||
| < High school | 11.3 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.1 |
| High school | 29.0 | 30.4 | 30.6 | 29.7 | 28.4 | 28.1 | 27.0 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 26.0 | 23.3 | 23.2 | 22.3 | 20.0 | 20.1 | 22.9 | 23.0 |
| ≥ Some college | 59.7 | 58.3 | 58.7 | 60.7 | 62.4 | 62.0 | 64.3 | 64.9 | 65.1 | 66.5 | 69.9 | 70.7 | 71.1 | 73.0 | 73.8 | 70.5 | 69.9 |
| Dental Insurance | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 55.1 | 56.4 | 56.1 | 56.6 | 57.4 | 56.5 | 56.3 | 54.6 | 53.2 | 53.8 | 53.4 | 53.2 | 52.7 | 54.0 | 54.9 | 54.7 | 52.9 |
| No | 44.9 | 43.6 | 43.9 | 43.4 | 42.6 | 43.5 | 43.7 | 45.4 | 46.8 | 46.2 | 46.6 | 46.8 | 47.3 | 46.0 | 45.1 | 45.3 | 47.1 |
| Employment Status | |||||||||||||||||
| Not employed | 27.3 | 27.5 | 28.3 | 28.6 | 28.1 | 29.2 | 28.5 | 28.3 | 29.1 | 30.8 | 29.8 | 31.4 | 32.4 | 31.7 | 31.0 | 31.2 | 31.3 |
| Employed | 72.7 | 72.5 | 71.7 | 71.4 | 71.9 | 70.8 | 71.5 | 71.7 | 70.9 | 69.2 | 70.2 | 68.6 | 67.6 | 68.3 | 69.0 | 68.8 | 68.7 |
| Health Status | |||||||||||||||||
| Excellent/very good | 64.0 | 64.0 | 64.8 | 64.8 | 63.3 | 64.0 | 63.3 | 64.2 | 64.3 | 64.1 | 64.2 | 64.0 | 63.4 | 64.8 | 63.9 | 63.1 | 63.9 |
| Good | 9.9 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 9.8 |
| Poor/fair | 26.1 | 26.8 | 26.1 | 25.1 | 26.4 | 26.2 | 26.8 | 26.3 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 25.7 | 26.1 | 26.8 | 25.4 | 26.1 | 27.1 | 26.3 |
| Region | |||||||||||||||||
| Northeast | 21.5 | 20.9 | 21.6 | 20.9 | 20.4 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 19.8 | 20.3 | 19.6 | 19.2 | 19.5 | 19.0 | 19.4 | 18.5 | 19.4 | 19.5 |
| Midwest | 25.4 | 26.2 | 24.7 | 25.0 | 24.9 | 24.6 | 24.8 | 24.6 | 24.4 | 24.5 | 24.9 | 25.1 | 25.1 | 24.2 | 24.9 | 23.8 | 22.7 |
| South | 31.0 | 31.3 | 31.3 | 31.0 | 31.5 | 31.4 | 31.9 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 32.5 | 31.7 | 32.1 | 32.0 | 32.3 | 31.7 | 32.0 | 32.0 |
| West | 22.1 | 21.7 | 22.4 | 23.1 | 23.1 | 23.4 | 22.7 | 23.3 | 22.8 | 23.4 | 24.2 | 23.3 | 23.9 | 24.2 | 24.8 | 24.8 | 25.8 |