1. Certainty of evidence ratings for the effectiveness of video call interventions.

Outcome	Number of studies	Risk of bias	Indirectness	Imprecision	Inconsistency	Other considerations	Summary effect size/outcome	Certainty of the evidence
Loneliness	3	Very serious	No serious inconsistency	Serious	Serious	None	No effect	Very low
Social Isolation	0	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Symptoms of depression	3	Very serious	No serious inconsistency	Serious	Serious	None	No effect	Very low
Quality of life	1	Very serious	No serious inconsistency	Serious	Serious	None	No effect	Very low