Table 2.
Final Multivariable Model Results
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age | |||
| 18–29 | – | – | – |
| < 18 | 0.33 | [0.22–0.49] | <.0001 |
| 30–39 | 0.88 | [0.73–1.05] | 0.1574 |
| 40–49 | 1.27 | [1.06–1.52] | 0.011 |
| 50–59 | 1.69 | [1.41–2.02] | <.0001 |
| 60–69 | 1.65 | [1.36–2.01] | <.0001 |
| 70–79 | 1.59 | [1.24–2.05] | 0.0003 |
| 80+ | 1.64 | [1.24–2.17] | 0.0005 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | – | – | – |
| Male | 1.32 | [1.21–1.44] | <.0001 |
| Education | |||
| Education < 12 years | 1.02 | [1.01–1.14] | 0.0435 |
| Employment | |||
| Student | – | – | – |
| Employed | 1.85 | [1.39–2.46] | <.0001 |
| Not Employed | 1.41 | [1.05–1.91] | 0.024 |
| Retired | 2.06 | [1.54–2.76] | <.0001 |
| Unknown | 1.37 | [1–1.87] | 0.0494 |
| Race | |||
| White | – | – | – |
| American Indian | Alaska Native | 0.63 | [0.36–1.12] | 0.1156 |
| Asian | 1.43 | [1.18–1.72] | 0.0002 |
| Black| African American | 1.51 | [1.25–1.83] | <.0001 |
| Native Hawaiian | Pacific Islander | 1.02 | [0.66–1.57] | 0.9438 |
| Unknown | 1.34 | [1.18–1.52] | <.0001 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Other Ethnic Groups | – | – | – |
| Hispanic or Latino | 2.07 | [1.77–2.41] | <.0001 |
| Religious Affiliation | |||
| Agnostic | – | – | – |
| Christian | 1.28 | [1.15–1.43] | <.0001 |
| Other Religion | 1.01 | [0.77–1.24] | 0.1453 |
| Unknown | 1.10 | [0.97–1.25] | 0.8752 |
| Relationship | |||
| Single | – | – | – |
| Divorce or Legally Separated | 1.08 | [0.93–1.26] | 0.3293 |
| Married or Significant Other | 1.12 | [1.01–1.25] | 0.0357 |
| Unknown | 0.96 | [0.74–1.24] | 0.7468 |
| Language | |||
| English | – | – | – |
| Sino-Tibetan | 1.98 | [1.38–2.84] | 0.0002 |
| Spanish | 1.60 | [1.31–1.94] | <.0001 |
| Other Languages | 2.09 | [1.7–2.57] | <.0001 |
| Clinical | |||
| Body Mass Index | |||
| Normal | – | – | – |
| Underweight | 0.80 | [0.54–1.2] | 0.2857 |
| Moderately Obese | 1.25 | [1.08–1.45] | 0.0033 |
| Overweight | 1.28 | [1.12–1.46] | 0.0003 |
| Severely Obese | 1.45 | [1.21–1.73] | <.0001 |
| Very Severely Obese | 1.58 | [1.31–1.91] | <.0001 |
| Unknown | 0.99 | [0.84–1.16] | 0.8867 |
| Number of Chronic Conditions | |||
| 0 | – | – | – |
| 1–2 | 0.83 | [0.74–0.93] | 0.001 |
| 3–4 | 0.63 | [0.54–0.74] | <.0001 |
| 5+ | 0.55 | [0.44–0.69] | <.0001 |
| Clinical Diagnosis | |||
| Diagnosis of Diabetes | 1.40 | [1.22–1.61] | <.0001 |
| Diagnosis of Kidney Disease | 1.03 | [1.01–2.3] | 0.0385 |
| Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS | 1.43 | [1.03–2.63] | 0.0252 |
| Diagnosis of Dementia | 2.01 | [1.61–2.51] | <.0001 |
| Polypharmacy | |||
| 0 Prescriptions | – | – | – |
| 1–9 Prescriptions | 0.76 | [0.68–0.86] | <.0001 |
| 10–19 Prescriptions | 0.60 | [0.5–0.71] | <.0001 |
| 20–29 Prescriptions | 0.43 | [0.32–0.59] | <.0001 |
| 30+ Prescriptions | 0.42 | [0.26–0.66] | 0.0002 |
| Mental Health and Substance Use | |||
| History of Illicit Drug Use | 0.63 | [0.53–0.77] | <.0001 |
| History of Tobacco Use | 0.46 | [0.38–0.54] | <.0001 |
| Diagnosis of Serious Persistent Mental Illness | 0.77 | [0.65–0.92] | 0.003 |
| Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder | 0.70 | [0.56–0.87] | 0.001 |
| Primary Care Provider Affiliation | |||
| Internal Primary Care Provider | – | – | – |
| External Primary Care Provider | 1.23 | [1.1–1.37] | 0.0004 |
| Unknown Primary Care Provider | 1.27 | [1.11–1.46] | 0.0005 |
| Electronic Communication through the EMR | 0.72 | [0.66–0.8] | <.0001 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Symptoms of Fever | 2.39 | [2.15–2.65] | <.0001 |
| Symptoms of Cough | 1.44 | [1.28–1.62] | <.0001 |
| Shortness of Breath | 1.34 | [1.21–1.49] | <.0001 |
| Symptoms of Chills | 1.40 | [1.09–1.79] | 0.0086 |
| Myalgia | 1.80 | [1.47–2.2] | <.0001 |
| Environmental | |||
| Region | |||
| Oregon | – | – | – |
| Alaska | 1.31 | [1–1.7] | 0.0469 |
| Puget Sound | 2.83 | [2.44–3.28] | <.0001 |
| Southern California | 2.39 | [2.06–2.78] | <.0001 |
| Washington Montana | 1.49 | [1.29–1.73] | <.0001 |
| Age-Stratified Communal Living | |||
| Non-Communal Living | – | – | – |
| Adult Community | 1.30 | [1.07–1.58] | 0.0082 |
| Adult and Youth | 1.07 | [0.95–1.21] | 0.2835 |
| Multigenerational | 1.07 | [0.9–1.28] | 0.4563 |
| Senior Living | 1.69 | [1.23–2.32] | 0.0011 |
| Other | 1.12 | [0.77–1.64] | 0.5492 |
| Financial Insecurity | 1.10 | [1.01–1.25] | 0.0392 |
| Housing Insecurity | 1.32 | [1.16–1.5] | <.0001 |
| Transportation Insecurity | 1.11 | [1.02–1.23] | 0.0285 |
| Low Air Quality | 1.01 | [1–1.04] | 0.0502 |