Table 1.
Overall characteristics of experimental SAH cohorts focusing on delayed cerebral ischemia and neurological deficits
| Species | SAH method | Number of cohorts | Study duration (days) range (median) | Large artery spasm |
Microvascular abnormalities |
Perfusion abnormalities |
Delayed neurological deficits |
Scattered cell death |
Infarction |
Mortality |
References | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Examined | Present | Examined | Present | Examined | Present | Examined | Present | Examined | Present | Examined | Present | Examined | Median (range) | |||||
| Mouse | CMI | 2 | 7 (7) | 0 (0%) | – | 2 (100%) | 2(100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 2 (100%) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (50%) | 7.1% | [37, 38] |
| PCI | 5 | 2 (2) | 1 (20%) | 1 (100%) | 3 (60%) | 3 (100%) | 1 (20%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (80%) | 4 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 2 (40%) | 0% | [39–43] | |
| EVP | 12 | 2–28 (3) | 4 (33%) | 4 (100%) | 2 (17%) | 2 (100%) | 4 (33%) | 4 (100%) | 7 (58%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (8%) | 1 (100%) | 5 (42%) | 4 (80%) | 8 (67%) | 26% (6–33%) | [14, 17–21, 44–49] | |
| VT | 1 | 34 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | [50] | |
| Rat | CMI | 16 | 2–14 (6) | 7 (44%) | 7 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 4 (25%) | 2 (50%) | 7 (44%) | 1 (14%) | 2 (13%) | 1 (50%) | 3 (19%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (69%) | 0 (0–41%) | [16, 51–65] |
| PCI | 7 | 2–7 (4) | 1 (14%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (14%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (14%) | 1 (100%) | 6 (86%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 7 (100%) | 20% (12–33%) | [15, 66–71] | |
| EVP | 14 | 1–9 (2.5) | 2 (14%) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 3 (21%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (29%) | 4 (100%) | 4 (29%) | 2 (50%) | 9 (64%) | 25% (13–67%) | [22, 23, 72–83] | |
| EP | 2 | 2–4 (3) | 1 (50%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 2 (100%) | 20% (5%, 36%) | [84, 85] | |
| Rabbit | CMI | 13 | 2–10 (3) | 8 (62%) | 8 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 2 (15%) | 2 (100%) | 5 (39%) | 1 (20%) | 2 (15%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (77%) | 0% (0–37%) | [70, 86–97] |
| EP | 1 | 5 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 0% | [98] | |
| Cat | CMI | 1 | 10 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 19% | [99] |
| Dog | CMI | 26 | 1–48 (7) | 22 (85%) | 21 (96%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (100%) | 3 (12%) | 2 (67%) | 7 (27%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (15%) | 1 (25%) | 26 (100%) | 0% (0–18%) | [13, 100–124] |
| PVC | 1 | 7 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 7% | [125] | |
| Pig | IT | 1 | 14 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | [126] |
| Primate | PVC | 16 | 7–28 (7) | 15 (94%) | 15 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 3 (19%) | 1 (33%) | 10 (63%) | 6 (60%) | 0 (0%) | – | 8 (50%) | 6 (75%) | 14 (88%) | 0% (0–13%) | [122, 127–141] |
| CMI | 1 | 10 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 0% | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (100%) | 0% | [142] | |
| PCI | 2 | 7–21 (14) | 2 (100%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | – | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (100%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (100%) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (100%) | 20% (15%, 28%) | [143, 144] | |
| All | 121 | 69 (57%) | 68 (99%) | 10 (8%) | 10 (100%) | 20 (17%) | 13 (65%) | 53 (44%) | 11 (21%) | 18 (15%) | 15 (83%) | 27 (22%) | 13 (48%) | 96 (79%) | – | |||
Cohorts are sorted by species followed by SAH method. Two reports included more than one species, shown in the table as separate cohorts. “Examined” column shows the percentage of all cohorts where the endpoint was assessed and reported. “Present” column indicates the percentage of cohorts among those examined in which the outcome was detected
CMI cisterna magna blood injection ×1–3, EP external perforation of basilar artery, EVP endovascular perforation of internal carotid artery terminus, IT, intrathecal blood injection, PCI prechiasmatic blood injection, PVC perivascular clot placement, SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage, VT transection of subarachnoid vein