Table 3.

Gene descriptions of top 35 DEGs between male and female mice of both genotypes. Gene name, protein name, description, fold change in ArKO from WT counterpart for each sex for genes expressed in Fig. 4b.

Gene	Protein	Description	Fold change F	Fold change M
Gldn	Gliomedin	Required for the proper clustering of sodium channels on the Nodes of Ranvier in the peripheral nervous system.	−2.04	−1.58
Cryab	Crystallin Alpha B	Member of the small heat shock protein family; elevated expression occurs in many neuropogical diseases; has chaperone-like activity; prevents the aggregation of various proteins under stress conditions.	−1.21	−0.81
Layn	Layilin	Involved in binding of carbohydrate and hyaluronic acid.	−0.91
Pts	6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin Synthase	Catalyzes the second and irreversible step in the formation of tetrahydropterin (BH4), an essential cofactor in catecholamine biosynthesis. Mutations result in hyperphenylalanemia.	−0.57	−0.62
Nxpe4	Neurexophilin And PC-Esterase Domain Family Member 4	Associated with glycosalation of amino acids.	−0.45	−0.51
Dixdc1	Dixin	Positive regulator of the Wnt pathway.	−0.22
Frmpd1	FERM And PDZ Domain Containing 1	Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.		0.34
Slc24a3	Sodium/Potassium/Calcium Exchanger 3	Believed to transport intracellular calcium and potassium ion in exchange.		0.36
Unc5c	Unc-5 Netrin Receptor C	Belongs to a family of receptors that bind proteins that direct axon extension and cell migration during neural development.		0.38
Plekha2	Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member	Binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate (PtdIns3,4P2); gene ontology related to lipid binding and metabolic pathways.		0.39
Mmgt2	Membrane Magnesium Transporter 1	Involved in the transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts, and organic acids, metal ions, and amine compounds.		0.41
Ltbp1	Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta Binding Protein 1	Involved in cAMP-dependent activation of PKA.		0.52
Id2	DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-2	Negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes including growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Inhibits skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte differentiation Regulates the circadian clock by modulating the magnitude of photic entrainment and contributes to the regulation of a variety of liver clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism.		0.61
Ccne1	Cyclin E1	Implicated in various carcinomas, including breast, gastric, stomach and colorectal.		0.82
Mfsd4a	Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain Containing 4A	Implicated in glucose transmembrane transporter activity.		0.85
Igf1	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1	Similar to insulin in structure and function and involved in mediating growth and development.		0.98
NPPC	Natriuretic Peptide C	Cardiac natriuretic peptides which exhibit vasorelaxation in laboratory animals and are elevated in humans with chronic heart failure.		1.14
Olfm1	Olfactomedin 1	Abundant in rodent brains. Exact function is not known but is associated with ectopic pregnancy in humans.		1.20
Egln3	Egl-9 Family Hypoxia Inducible Factor 3	Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. In neurons, has an NGF-induced proapoptotic effect, probably through regulating CASP3 activity.		1.21
Ptgs2	COX-2	Key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis. PTGS2 is responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins.		1.23
RspoS	R-Spondin 3	The encoded protein plays a role in the regulation of Wnt signaling pathways, which are involved in development, cell growth and disease pathogenesis.		1.23
Nptxr	Neuronal Pentraxin Receptor	May be involved in mediating uptake of synaptic material during synapse remodeling or in mediating the synaptic clustering of AMPA glutamate receptors at a subset of excitatory synapses.		1.26
Npr3	Natriuretic Peptide Receptor C/Guanylate Cyclase C	Involved in regulation of blood volume and pressure, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac function as well as some metabolic and growth processes.		1.32
Pter	Phosphotriesterase-Related Protein	Cofactor binding 2 divalent metal cations per subunit; acting on ester bonds.		1.40
Fmod	Fibromodulin	Encoded protein may play a role in the assembly of extracellular matrix		1.40
Wnt9a	Protein Wnt-9a	Implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis; is expressed in gastric cancer cell lines		1.48
Dtl	Denticleless E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Homolog	Required for cell cycle control, DNA damage response and translesion DNA synthesis.		1.53
C1ql3	C1q And Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 13	May regulate the number of excitatory synapses but has no effect on inhibitory synapses. Plays a role in glucose homeostasis via AMPK signaling pathway. Stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes, myotubes and hepatocytes and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In a hepatoma cell line, reduces the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes G6PC and PCK1 and decreases de novo glucose production.		1.54
Syt17	Synaptotagmin 17	Plays a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes.		1.57
Klhl14	Kelch-Like Protein 14	Associated with Central Nervous System Hematologic Cancer.		1.83
Fam19a1	TAFA Chemokine Like Family Member 1	Postulated to function as brain-specific chemokines or neurokines that act as regulators of immune and nerve cells.		1.98
Bhlhe22	Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 22	Regulates cell fate determination, proliferation, and differentiation; plays a crucial role in retinogenesis.		2.16
Tbata	Thymus, Brain And Testes-Associated Protein	Regulates thymic epithelial cell proliferation and thymus size. May also play a role in spermatid differentiation, as well as in neuronal morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity.		2.47
Neurod1	Neuronal Differentiation 1	Regulates expression of the insulin gene, and mutations in this gene result in type II diabetes mellitus.		2.58
Cyp19a1	Aromatase	Localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyzes the final steps in estrogen biosynthesis; mutations can increase or decrease gene expression; associated phenotypes suggest that estrogen functions as both a sex steroid hormone and in growth/differentiation.	1.96	3.01