Table 3.
Summary of main outcomes.
| Author, year | Decrease in ACF formation | Decrease in the number of tumors | Mean tumor volume | Decrease in tumor volume | Main reaction, pathway or function modified by cannabinoids | Increase in endocannabinoid levels | Increase in expression of apoptosis markers | Changes in expression of proinflammatory markers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Experimental | ||||||||
| Aviello, et al. 2012 [7] | CBD: 1 mg/kg 33.3% CBD: 5 mg/kg 33.3% |
CBD: 1 mg/kg 55.5% CBD: 5 mg/kg 22.2% |
N/A | N/A | N/A | Apoptosis, antiproliferative effect | 2-AG Anandamide |
Increased expression of caspase 3 | No significant changes in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible oxide nitric synthase (iNOS) expression |
|
| |||||||||
| Borrelli, et al. 2014 [38] | N/A | N/A | (2500 ± 414 mm3) | (1367 ± 243 mm3) | 45.3% | Apoptosis, antiproliferative effect | N/A | Increased expression of caspase 3 Increased expression of caspase 7 |
Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) only in CRC cells (Caco-2 cells) |
|
| |||||||||
| Izzo, et al. 2008 [35] | AA-5HT: 50.8% VDM11 : 37.5%HU210 : 60.2% |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Apoptosis | 2-AG Anandamide |
Increased expression of caspase 3 | N/A |
|
| |||||||||
| Kargl, et al. 2013 [28] | N/A | 30% | N/A | N/A | 50% | Apoptosis | N/A | Increased expression of annexin V/PI |
∗Decreased phosphorylation of NFκβ ∗∗Decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 †Decreased expression of TNF-α |
|
| |||||||||
| Pagano, et al. 2017 [56] | N/A | N/A | (1980 ± 269 mm3) | (956 ± 180 mm3) | 52% | Angiogenesis | 2-AG | N/A | N/A |
|
| |||||||||
| Romano, et al. 2014 [8] | 86% | 40% no statistical significance achieved | (1130 ± 171.6 mm3) | (755 ± 124 mm3) | 33.18% | Antiproliferative effect | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
| |||||||||
| Santoro, et al. 2009 [57] | 75.4% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Mitotic catastrophe | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
| |||||||||
| Thapa, et al. 2012 [58] | N/A | N/A | (507 ± 51 mm3) | (271 ± 33 mm3) | 46.5% | Angiogenesis | N/A | N/A | N/A |
CBD: cannabidiol, N/A: not applicable. ∗Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. ∗∗Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. †Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.