Table 3.
Pregnancy-related and personal factors associated with ASB among pregnant women participated in the study at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, 2019 (n = 281).
| Characteristics | Significant bacteriuria no. (%) | Nonsignificant bacteriuria no. (%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gravida | |||||
| Nulligravida | 14 (25.0) | 55 (24.2) | 1 | ||
| Primigravida | 18 (32.1) | 78 (34.8) | 1.025 (0.432, 2.434) | 0.805 | |
| Multigravida | 12 (21.4) | 46 (20.4) | 1.130 (0.500, 2.557) | 0.956 | |
| Grand multigravida | 12 (21.4) | 46 (20.4) | 1.000 (0.407, 2.456) | 0.956 | |
|
| |||||
| Gestational period | |||||
| First trimester | 10 (17.9) | 36 (15.9) | 1 | ||
| Second trimester | 23 (41.1) | 102 (44.9) | 1.186 (0.510, 2.754) | 0.520 | |
| Third trimester | 23 (41.1) | 89 (39.2) | 1.99 (0.661, 1.506) | 0.692 | |
|
| |||||
| Hemoglobin level | |||||
| Anemic | 40 (71.4) | 153 (68.0) | 1.185 (0.623, 2.255) | 0.621 | |
| Nonanemic | 16 (28.6) | 72 (32.0) | 1 | ||
|
| |||||
| Sexual activities/week | |||||
| 0–2 | 43 (76.8) | 185 (82.2) | 1 | ||
| ≥2 | 13 (23.2) | 40 (17.8) | 0.715 (0.352, 1.452) | 0.354 | |
|
| |||||
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 7(12.5) | 17 (7.5) | 0.929 (0.296, 2.915) | 0.899 | |
| No | 49 (87.5) | 208 (92.4) | 1 | ||
|
| |||||
| Diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 6 (10.7) | 10 (6.3) | 1.187 (0.387, 3.640) | 0.764 | |
| No | 50 (89.3) | 215 (93.7) | 1 | ||
|
| |||||
| ANC follow-up | |||||
| 1st visit | 16 (28.6) | 49 (21.8) | 1 | ||
| 4th visit | 6 (10.7) | 24 (10.7) | 0.766 (0.266, 2.205) | 0.744 | |
|
| |||||
| Postcoital washing | |||||
| No | 90 (51.8) | 29 (39.6) | 0.642 (0.357, 1.157) | 0.24 | 1.277 (0.666, 2.447) |
| Yes | 27 (48.2) | 137 (60.4) | 1 | 1 | |
|
| |||||
| History of antimicrobial use | |||||
| Yes | 15 (26.8) | 57 (25.1) | 0.927 (0.478, 1.800) | 0.824 | |
| No | 41 (73.2) | 168 (74.9) | 1 | ||
|
| |||||
| Catheterization | |||||
| Yes | 19 (38) | 31 (62) | 3.214 (1.643, 6.284) | 0.001∗ | 3.122 (1.378, 7.072) |
| No | 37 (16.1) | 194 (83.9) | 1 | 1 | |
|
| |||||
| History of UTI | |||||
| Yes | 29 (51.8) | 76 (33.8) | 1 | ||
| No | 27 (37.5) | 149 (66.2) | 0.478 [0.26, 0.864] | 0.181∗ | 1.424 (0.719, 2.820) |
|
| |||||
| Postcoital urination | |||||
| Yes | 6 (10.7) | 59 (26.0) | 1 | ||
| No | 50 (89.3) | 168 (74.0) | 2.962 (1.207, 7.266) | 0.018∗ | 3.160 (1.173, 6.514)∗∗ |
|
| |||||
| Direction of wiping after genital wash | |||||
| Forward | 34 (60.7) | 79 (34.8) | 2.913 (1.595, 5.320) | 0.001∗ | 2.853 (1.255, 4.320)∗∗ |
| Backward | 22(39.3) | 148 (65.2) | 1 | ||
CI, confidence interval; ∗p < 0.25; ∗∗p value <0.05; OR: odds ratio.