Table 4.
Fidelity to the criterion and content validity according to the level of training.
| Variable | Resident (n=8) | Practicing surgeon (n=21) | Othera (n=1) | P value | |||||||||||||
|
|
Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR |
|
||||||||||
| Fidelity to the criterionb | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
Ease of use | 5 | 4.5-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .88 | |||||||||
|
|
Navigation menu | 5 | 5-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .62 | |||||||||
|
|
Relevance as a learning tool | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .73 | |||||||||
|
|
Fulcrum effect | 3.5 | 3-4 | 5 | 4-5 | 4 | 4-4 | .13 | |||||||||
|
|
Representation of the physical forceps in the virtual environment | 4 | 3-5 | 4 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .56 | |||||||||
|
|
Simulation of the movements in MISc | 4 | 4-4 | 4 | 4 - 5 | 5 | 5-5 | .18 | |||||||||
|
|
Innovation | 5 | 4.5-5 | 5 | 5-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .90 | |||||||||
|
|
Graphic design | 4.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .69 | |||||||||
|
|
Feedback | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .79 | |||||||||
|
|
Relevance of the feedback | 4 | 4-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .43 | |||||||||
| Content validityd | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
Hand-eye coordination | 4.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .66 | |||||||||
|
|
Depth perception | 4 | 3.5-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .41 | |||||||||
|
|
Basic psychomotor skills learning | 4.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .42 | |||||||||
|
|
Basic steps of MIS | 4 | 4-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .64 | |||||||||
|
|
Metrics | 4 | 3-5 | 4 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .43 | |||||||||
|
|
Ubiquitous learning | 4 | 4-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .31 | |||||||||
| Taskse | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
Task 1 | 3.5 | 3-4 | 4 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .19 | |||||||||
|
|
Task 2 | 4 | 4-4.5 | 4 | 3-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .41 | |||||||||
|
|
Task 3 | 4 | 3.5-4 | 4 | 3-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .40 | |||||||||
|
|
Task 4 | 4 | 3-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 2 | 2-2 | .21 | |||||||||
|
|
Task 5 | 4.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .65 | |||||||||
|
|
Task 6 | 4 | 4-4 | 5 | 4-5 | 5 | 5-5 | .02 | |||||||||
aOther: An engineer highly experienced in the design of instruments and devices for minimally invasive surgery simulation.
bFor fidelity to the criterion questions, see Multimedia Appendix 1.
cMIS: minimally invasive surgery.
dFor content validity questions, see Multimedia Appendix 1.
eFor task descriptions, see Table 1.