Table 2.

Different urinary biomarkers in relation to the activity of lupus nephritis.

Biomarkers that correlate with activity in longitudinal studies	Biomarkers that correlate with activity in cross-sectional studies	Biomarkers that correlate with prognosis
MCP-1	Urine Osteoprotegerin	MCP-1
NGAL	Urine CXCR3⁺-CD4⁺ T cells	VEGF
TWEAK	Urine FoxP3 mRNA expression	STAT-1
	Urine endothelin-1	IP-10
	VCAM-1	CXCR3
	TGF-β	TGF-β

AbbreviationsMCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocallin; TWEAK: TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis; FOXP3: forkhead box protein P3; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor;; STAT-1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; IP-10: Interferon gamma-induced protein 10.