Table 1.
Summary of lncRNAs involved in autoimmune diseases.
| Autoimmune disease | lncRNA | Species | Tissue/cell | Expression level | Function | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RA | Hotair, LUST, anti-NOS2A, MEG9, SNHG4, TUG1, NEAT1 | Human | Serum exosome | Up-regulated | – | [51] |
| Malat1, SNHG1, mascRNA, PR antisense transcripts, PRINS, HOXA3as |
Human | Serum exosome | Down-regulated | [51] | ||
| Hotair, LUST, H19 antisense, anti-NOS2A, MEG9, SNHG4, HAR1B, TUG1, NEAT1, and GAS5 |
Human | PBMC | Up-regulated | [51] | ||
| DHFR upstream transcripts, Jpx, KRASP1, mascRNA, PR antisense transcripts, PRINS, and HOXA3as |
Human | PBMC | Down-regulated | [51] | ||
| ENST00000483588 | Human | FLSs | Up-regulated | Positively correlated with CRP and the Simplified Disease Activity Index score(SDAI). | [53] | |
| lnc-AL928768.3, lnc-AC091493.1 | Human | Synovium tissue | Up-regulated | Positively associated with CRP and disease activity score in 28 joints(DAS28) | [54] | |
| U75927, XR_008357, MRAK046251, | AA rat | Synovium tissue | Up-regulated | [59] | ||
|
DQ266363, XR_006457, MRAK003448 |
AA rat | Synovium tissue | Down-regulated | [59] | ||
| HOTAIR | Human | PBMC, Serum exosome |
Up-regulated | Regulates macrophage migration. | [51] | |
| Human | Osteoclast, FLS |
Down-regulated | Regulates MMP-2 and MMP-13 level. | [51] | ||
| Human, rat | LPS-treated chondrocytes | Down-regulated | Regulates proliferation and inflammation of chondrocytes. | [63] | ||
| HIX003209 | Human | PBMC, macrophage | Up-regulated | Increase inflammation by sponging miR-6089 | [64] | |
| NTT | Human | PBMC, monocyte | Up-regulated | Promotes monocyte differentiation by regulating nearby gene PBOV1. | [65] | |
| Linc-P21 | Human | Whole blood | Down-regulated | Regulates NF-kB activity. | [67] | |
| LOC100652951, LOC100506036 |
Human | T cell | Up-regulated | Regulates inflammation response. | [68] | |
| GAS5, THRIL, RMRP | Human | T cell | Up-regulated | – | [69] | |
| H19 | Human | Synovial tissue, FLS, macrophage | Up-regulated | Induced by serum starvation and under control of PI3K and ERK pathway. | [74] | |
| LERFS | Human | Synovial tissue, FLS | Down-regulated | Regulates migration, invasion and proliferation by interacting with hnRNPQ. | [41] | |
| AFAS1 | Human | FLS | Up-regulated | Regulates migration, invasion by suppressing miR-27a. | [76] | |
| GAPLINC | Human | FLS | Up-regulated | Regulates migration, invasion by suppressing miR-382–5p and miR-575. | [77] | |
| PICSAR | Human | FLS | Up-regulated | Regulates migration, invasion and proliferation by sponging miR-4701–5p. | [78] | |
| FER1L4 | Human | Synovial tissue, FLS | Downregulated | Regulates inflammation via targeting NLRC5. | [79] | |
| MALAT1 | Human | Quercetin-treated FLS | Up-regulated | Responsible for the quercetin-induced apoptosis. | [80] | |
| UCA1 | Human | FLS | Down-regulated | Induces apoptosis by Wnt6 | [81] | |
| DILC | Human | FLS, plasma | Down-regulated | Regulates apoptosis and IL-6 expression. | [82] | |
| Lnc-IL7R | Human | FLS | – | Promotes growth of RA FLS through interaction with EZH2 | [83] | |
| LINC00152 | Human | FLS | Up-regulated | Regulates proliferation and apoptosis via Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway | [84] | |
| GAS5 | Human | Tanshinone IIA -treated FLS, plasma | Down-regulated | Responsible for apoptosis and IL-18 expression. | [85,86] | |
| ITSN1-2 | Human | FLS | Up-regulated | Regulates apoptosis, proliferation and inflammation by NOD2/RIP2 pathway. | [87] | |
| PVT1 | Rat | FLS | Up-regulated | Regulates inflammation response and apoptosis. | [90] | |
| MEG3 | Rat | FLS | Down-regulated | Modulates inflammation by targeting NLRC5 | [88] | |
| MEG3 | Human | FLS, chonroncyte | Down-regulated | Inhibit proliferation and inflammation by miR-141 and AKT/mTOR pathway | [84] | |
| C5T1lncRNA | Human | Various tissues, PBMC | Up-regulated | Influences the transcript levels of C5. | [71] | |
| NR024118 | Mouse | FLS | Up-regulated | Regulates inflammation response. | [91] | |
| SLE | uc001ykl.1 | Human | T cell | Down-regulated | Correlates with ESR and CRP. | [95] |
| ENST00000448942 | Human | T cell | Down-regulated | Correlates with ESR and anti-Sm antibodies. | [95] | |
| linc0597, lnc0640, and lnc5150 | Human | Plasma | Up-regulated | Biomarkers of SLE | [97] | |
| GAS5 and lnc7074 | Human | Plasma | Down-regulated | Biomarkers of SLE | [97] | |
| ENST00000604411.1, ENST00000501122.2 lnc-HSFY2-3:3 |
Human | DC | Up-regulated | Positively correlated with the SLEDAI score. | [96] | |
| lnc-HSFY2-3:3, lnc-SERPINB9-1:2 | Human | DC | Down-regulated | – | [96] | |
| NEAT1 | Human | PBMCs, monocytes | Up-regulated | Correlates with SLEDAI. Regulates expression of IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL10. |
[98] | |
| GAS5 | Human, mouse | CD4+ T cells, B cells, plasma | Down-regulated | Correlates with ESR and SLEDAI. | [100,[104], [105], [106]] | |
| MALAT 1 | Human | Monocytes | Up-regulated | Regulate IL21 expression. | [109] | |
| Linc0949 | Human | PBMC | Down-regulated | Correlates with C3 level and SLEDAI and incidence of LN. | [107] | |
| Lnc5150, lnc3643,lnc7514 | Human | PBMC | Down-regulated | Associated with laboratory features in SLE | [108] | |
| lncRNA CYP2C9 | Human | Interacts with transcription factor PU.1 (SPI1), MSR1 and CCR1 | [110] | |||
| Lnc-DC | Human | plasma | Down-regulated | Significantly higher expressed in LN compared with SLE without nephritis. Showed weakly negative correlation with C3 level. | [106] | |
| Linc0597 | Human | plasma | Up-regulated | Negative correlates with C3 level | [106] | |
| Human | PBMC | Down-regulated | – | [107] | ||
| TUG1 | Human | PBMC | Down-regulated | Correlates with ESR, SLEDAI, disease duration and LN. | [111] | |
| TUG1 | Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate treated mouse | Kidney | Upregulated | Involved in the protection of NF-kappaB inhibition on kidney injury. | [112] | |
| RP11-2B6.2 | Human | Kidney biopsies from LN patients | Up-regulated | Regulates IFN-I pathway through epigenetic inhibition of SOCS1. | [113] | |
| IMMs | lncRNA 7 S L | Human | Serum | – | Autoantibody against lncRNA 7 S L is related to PM/DM. | [115] |
| ENST00000541196.1, uc011ihb.2, linc-DGCR6-1, | Human | Muscle | Down-regulated | – | [116] | |
| ENST00000551761.1, ENST00000583156.1 | Human | Muscle | Down-regulated | – | [116] | |
| H19, lncMyoD, MALAT1 |
Human | Muscle | Up-regulated | – | [117] | |
| SSc | TSIX | Human | Serum, skin fibroblast | Up-regulated | Increases type I collagen mRNA stability | [119] |
| CTBP1-AS2, AGAP2-AS1 | Human | Skin | Up-regulated | – | [120]. | |
| OTUD6B-AS1 | Human | Skin | Down-regulated | – | [120]. | |
| ncRNA00201 | Human | PBMC | Down-regulated | Regulates genes involved in vasculopathy, fibrosis and autoimmunity in SSc. | [121] | |
| NRIR | Human | PBMC | Up-regulated | Regulates IFN response. | [122] | |
| pSS | IFNGAS | Human | CD4+ T cell | Up-regulated | Correlated with SSA, ESR and IgG. | [124] |
| ENST00000455309.1, n336161, NR_002712, ENST00000546086.1, Lnc-UTS2D-1:1, n340599, and TCONS_l2_00014794 | Human | labial salivary glands | Up-regulated | Correlates with beta2 microglobulin, disease course, ESR, rheumatoid factor (RF), IgA, IgM, visual analogue scale (VAS) of parotid swelling and VAS of dry eyes | [125] | |
| LINC00657, CTD-2020K17.1 |
Human | PBMC | Up-regulated | Involved in pathogenesis of pSS. | [114] | |
| LINC00511 | Human | PBMC | Down-regulated | Involved in pathogenesis of pSS. | [114] | |
| PVT1 | Human | CD4+ T cell | Up-regulated | Controls proliferation and effector functions of CD4 T cells | [127] | |
| AS | NDRG1-AS6, CSNK1D-AS8 | Human | Hip joint ligament tissue | Up-regulated | – | [128] |
| CD46-AS9, SMYD5-AS2, NR_045553 | Human | Hip joint ligament tissue | Down-regulated | – | ||
| H19 | Human | PBMC | Up-regulated | Increases expression of IL-17 A and IL-23 via interaction with miR22–5p and miR675–5p | [129] |