Table 1.

LL-37 functions in innate immunity.

Antimicrobial agent	Protection against gram-positive and negative bacteria.	[15,16]
Protection to infection	LL-37 lowers the permeability of epithelial cells inhibiting the entry of microorganisms to them.	[5]
Chemokine function	LL-37 modulates and stimulates the function of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and mastocytes.	[54]
Wound healing	Reepithelization and scarring by transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor, inducing keratinocytes migration.	[19]
Improves coestimulation	High concentrations of LL-37 induce a higher expression of membrane CD86.	[52]
Enhance type I IFN response	LL-37 delivers dsRNA to TLR3 with their agonist poly(I:C) which produces the transcription of NF-kB and IRF3 and enhances the type I IFN response.	[22]
Prevention of sepsis	LL-37 binds to LPS to prevent the activation of TLR4.	[31]
Delivers plasmids to the nuclei	It prevents the degradation of plasmids from nucleases and form complexes with the DNA to deliver them to the nuclei by lipid rafts to stimulate TLR7 and TLR9.	[55]
Enhances the function of dendritic cells	Dendritic cells derived from stimuli of LL-37 show a better capacity of endocytic capacity, high concentrations of phagocytic receptors, high concentrations of coestimulation molecules and high levels of type I IFN secretion which stimulates a better Th1 response against viruses and bacteria.	[53,56]

Abbreviations: Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), Toll-like receptor (TLR), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nuclear factor K–B (NF-kB), Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3).