Table 1.

List of diagnostic labels for different liver diseases. A large variety of liver diseases affecting different structures of the organ and being caused by a variety of pathogenic triggers.

Liver Diseases	Causes	Risks factors	Involvement of antibodies and/or Complement	Laboratory Assays
Infections	•Hepatitis A •Hepatitis B (+/− D) •Hepatitis C •Hepatitis E	•Injecting drugs using shared needles •Tattoos or body piercings •Blood transfusion before 1992 •Exposure (other people’s blood, faeces or body fluids) •Unprotected sex •Poor hygienic conditions	+++++ Immune complexes [19]	Serology and PCR
	•Other pathogens, e.g. tropical virus, bacterium, parasite, fungi	•Exposure (man (see above), animals, environment) •Unproteced sex •Poor hygienic conditions	[20,21]	Serology, PCR, microbial cultures, microscopy & histology
Autoimmunity Immune system abnormality	•Autoimmune hepatitis •Primary sclerosing cholangitis •Primary sclerosing (biliary) •cholangitis	•genetic predisposition and environmental triggers	+++++ Autoantibodies [22]	IIF, ELISA and Immunoblot Ultrasound, Liver biopsy & Transarterial chemoembolization
NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) Including NASH (non alcoholic steatotic hepatitis)	•Fat supplanting liver tissue	•Diabetes typ 2 •Obesity (Metabolic syndrome) •Drug induced (e. g.: Amiodaron) •Genetic predisposition I148M PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3)	[23] [24]	Gamma – GT ↑ Extended Lab tests: transaminases, lipids, glucose, histology. exclude HBV/HCV
AFLD (alcoholic fatty liver disease)	•Alcoholic abusus	•Alcohol	C1q [25] C3, C1q, D [26]	CDT (Carbohydrate-Deficient-Transferrin) ↑Ethylglucuronid ↑ Extended Lab tests: Gamma-GT, IgA, transaminases, cholinesterase, albumin, clotting factors, haemogram
Genetics	Hemochromatosis type 1		•NA	•Genotyping p.C282Y •Increased Iron in Plasma, ELISA •Increased secretion of Bile in Serum •Hypercupriuria
	Hyperoxaluria and oxalosis Wilson’s disease		•NA	•PCR, DNA Sequencing Hemodialysis, Increased oxalate in Urine and Plasma. •Low serum ceruloplasmin, decreased serum copper, increased copper in urine, and significantly elevated copper on liver. •Sequence analysis of the ATP7B gene,
	Alpha-1Antitrypsin deficiency		• NA	•Quantitation of protein levels in serum •Phenotyping-determination of specific allelic variants by isoelectric focusing (IEF), •Genotyping-DNA p.E34K (PiZ) p.E264V (PiS) i.e. specific mutations, or proteotyping-using LC-MS/MS. •IEF phenotyping, LC-MS/MS proteotyping, and DNA- genotyping
	Familial intrahepatic cholestasis	Genetic background, Liver transplantation	•C4d deposits [27]	•Sequencing flippase and farnesoid receptors [28]
•Cancer and other growths	•Liver cancer •Bile duct cancer •Liver adenoma	•Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins. •Heavy alcohol use and unknown factors, HCV		•Tumor marker (e. g.: AFP)
				•High concentration of bile acids in serum
Liver regeneration and other	Drug and poison induced	Drug therapy induced on diverse illnesses and unknowingly contact with poison (e. g.: fungal, heavy metals, carbon tetrachloride)	[29] [30] [31]	•track the initial cause •Transaminases, bilirubin, ammoniac, hematology consultation ..

Footnotes: NA: not applicable.