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. 2019 Sep 18;2:100017. doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100017

Table 1.

List of diagnostic labels for different liver diseases. A large variety of liver diseases affecting different structures of the organ and being caused by a variety of pathogenic triggers.

Liver Diseases Causes Risks factors Involvement of antibodies and/or Complement Laboratory Assays
Infections
  • Hepatitis A

  • Hepatitis B (+/− D)

  • Hepatitis C

  • Hepatitis E

  • Injecting drugs using shared needles

  • Tattoos or body piercings

  • Blood transfusion before 1992

  • Exposure (other people’s blood, faeces or body fluids)

  • Unprotected sex

  • Poor hygienic conditions

+++++
Immune complexes [19]
Serology and PCR
  • Other pathogens, e.g. tropical virus, bacterium, parasite, fungi

  • Exposure (man (see above), animals, environment)

  • Unproteced sex

  • Poor hygienic conditions

[20,21] Serology, PCR, microbial cultures, microscopy & histology
Autoimmunity Immune system abnormality
  • Autoimmune hepatitis

  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis

  • Primary sclerosing (biliary)

  • cholangitis

  • genetic predisposition and environmental triggers

+++++
Autoantibodies [22]
IIF, ELISA and Immunoblot
Ultrasound, Liver biopsy & Transarterial chemoembolization
NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease)
Including NASH (non alcoholic steatotic hepatitis)
  • Fat supplanting liver tissue

  • Diabetes typ 2

  • Obesity (Metabolic syndrome)

  • Drug induced (e. g.: Amiodaron)

  • Genetic predisposition

  • I148M PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3)

[23]
[24]
Gamma – GT ↑
Extended Lab tests: transaminases, lipids, glucose,
histology.
exclude HBV/HCV
AFLD (alcoholic fatty liver disease)
  • Alcoholic abusus

  • Alcohol

C1q [25]
C3, C1q, D [26]
CDT (Carbohydrate-Deficient-Transferrin) ↑Ethylglucuronid ↑
Extended Lab tests: Gamma-GT, IgA, transaminases, cholinesterase, albumin, clotting factors, haemogram
Genetics Hemochromatosis type 1
  • NA

  • Genotyping p.C282Y

  • Increased Iron in Plasma, ELISA

  • Increased secretion of Bile in Serum

  • Hypercupriuria

Hyperoxaluria and oxalosis
Wilson’s disease
  • NA

  • PCR, DNA Sequencing Hemodialysis, Increased oxalate in Urine and Plasma.

  • Low serum ceruloplasmin, decreased serum copper, increased copper in urine, and significantly elevated copper on liver.

  • Sequence analysis of the ATP7B gene,

Alpha-1Antitrypsin deficiency • NA
  • Quantitation of protein levels in serum

  • Phenotyping-determination of specific allelic variants by isoelectric focusing (IEF),

  • Genotyping-DNA p.E34K (PiZ) p.E264V (PiS) i.e. specific mutations, or proteotyping-using LC-MS/MS.

  • IEF phenotyping, LC-MS/MS proteotyping, and DNA- genotyping

Familial intrahepatic cholestasis Genetic background,
Liver transplantation
  • C4d deposits [27]

  • Sequencing flippase and farnesoid receptors [28]

  • Cancer and other growths

  • Liver cancer

  • Bile duct cancer

  • Liver adenoma

  • Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins.

  • Heavy alcohol use and unknown factors, HCV

  • Tumor marker (e. g.: AFP)

  • High concentration of bile acids in serum

Liver regeneration and other Drug and poison induced Drug therapy induced on diverse illnesses and unknowingly contact with poison (e. g.: fungal, heavy metals, carbon tetrachloride) [29]
[30]
[31]
  • track the initial cause

  • Transaminases, bilirubin, ammoniac, hematology consultation ..

Footnotes: NA: not applicable.