Table 2.
eHealth technology characteristics (n = 69)
| Name of eHealth Technology | Source Eligible Article(s) Included in Review | URL of eHealth Technology? | Type of eHealth Technology | Format | Year Established | Still in Existence? | Used Outside of the Authors’ Study? | Available for Anyone to Use? | Developer of eHealth Technology | Type of Developer | Purpose of eHealth Technology | Intended User(s) of eHealth Technology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Drug/Event Alerting, Reporting and/or Signal Detection Systems (n = 11) | ||||||||||||
| Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition | Jackson et al. 2001 [25] | https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/office-foods-and-veterinary-medicine/center-food-safety-and-applied-nutrition-cfsan | Adverse event reporting tool and safety alerts | Website | 1984 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | U.S. Food and Drug Administration | Government | Website containing safety alert publications, guide documents and a reporting tool for dietary supplement adverse events | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients/public |
| Guangdong Quantitative Signal Detection System (GDQSDS) | Li et al. 2009 [26]; Zhang 2018 [27] | No | Adverse drug reaction signal detection and spontaneous reporting system | Web-based | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Authors | Researchers (authors) | “A web-based system comprising three software modules that prepare data, detect associations, and generate reports, was developed based on the Guangdong ADR monitoring platform” p. 730 | Researchers |
| Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.ismp.org | Adverse event reporting system | Website | 1995 (website) | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) | Not-for-Profit | Contains a medication error reporting program, and publishes newsletters, reports and safety alerts based on information received | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| INVDOCK | Chen et al. 2002 [29]; Chen et al. 2006 [30] | Unclear | Adverse drug reaction signal detection | Software | 2001 | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Chen & Zhi (2001). See: 10.1002/1097-0134(20010501)43:2%3C217::AID-PROT1032%3E3.0.CO;2-G | Researchers | Software that allows for “computer-aided identification of potential protein targets of a small molecule” (Chen & Zhi 2001, p. 225 [85]) | Researchers |
| Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management Korea Adverse Event Reporting System database (KIDS-KD) | Woo et al. 2019 [31] | Unclear | Adverse event reporting system and database | Unclear | 2012 | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Korean Institute of Drug Safety & Risk Management (KIDS) | Researchers/Government | An adverse drug reaction reporting system | Healthcare providers |
| MedWatch | Jackson et al. 2001 [25]; Kiefer et al. 2001 [32]; Meyer et al. 2004 [33]; Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch-fda-safety-information-and-adverse-event-reporting-program/medical-product-safety-information | Adverse event reporting tool and safety reports | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | U.S. Food and Drug Administration | Government | Safety alerts on drugs, natural products and other medical products | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients/public |
| National Coordination Centre, Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (NCC-PvPI) Database | Zhang 2018 [27] | No | Adverse drug reaction reporting system | Unclear | 2010 | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Government of India | Government | To conduct traditional medicines surveillance though a drug adverse event reporting system which reports to Vigibase | Healthcare providers, researchers, health organizations, patients/public |
| Shanghai Adverse Drug Reaction Spontaneous Reporting System (ADR-SRS) | Ye et al. 2009 [34] | Unclear | Adverse drug reaction detection/spontaneous reporting system and database | Unclear | 2001 | Yes | Yes | Unclear | National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center of China | Government | Web-based ADR detection system and reporting tool for TCM and chemical medicine | Healthcare providers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, researchers |
| Shanghai Drug Monitoring and Evaluative System (SDMES) | Ye et al. 2009 [34]; Zhang 2018 [27] | Unclear | Adverse drug reaction surveillance system | Unclear | 2001 | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Shanghai Center for Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring | Government | To locally monitor marketed drugs (including herbs) by working in partnership with ten hospitals in Shanghai that permit direct access to patient adverse drug reaction information | Researchers |
| Special Nutritionals Adverse Event Monitoring System | Jackson et al. 2001 [25] | Unclear | Adverse event reporting system | Web-based | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes, entirely free | U.S. Food and Drug Administration | Government | Collects adverse event reports on dietary supplements, infant formulas, and medical foods from a variety of sources | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients/public |
| Unnamed | Archer et al. 2014 [35] | No | Adverse drug reaction alerting system | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Authors | Researchers (authors) | To automatically detect herb-drug interactions and classify their severity | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Yellow Card Scheme | Ye et al. 2009 [34] | https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/ | Adverse event reporting system | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency | Researchers/Government | A reporting tool that monitors the safety of healthcare products, including herbal products, in the UK | Healthcare providers (including pharmacists), patients/public |
| Databases (n = 34) | ||||||||||||
| ABDAMED | Ogultarhan et al. 2016 [36] | https://abdata.de/datenangebot/abdamed/ | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Unclear | ABDATA Pharma Data Service | Company | “ABDAMED is a commercial pharmaceutical database, which contains approved drug-related data, such as active ingredients, excipients, risks, indications, contraindications and adverse effects” (Ogultarhan et al. 2016, p. 169 [36]) | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients |
| Alticopeia Herbal Medicine Database | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44] | http://www.ddhsoftware.com/gallery.html?show=number&record=527 | Database | Mobile app | 2001 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | DDH Software | Company | “To facilitate understanding of herbal medicine by physicians and other ‘traditional’ health care workers.” (See: http://www.ddhsoftware.com/gallery.html?show=number&record=527) | Healthcare providers |
| ALTMEDA | Ogultarhan et al. 2016 [36] | Unclear | Database | Unclear | 2016 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Authors | Researchers (authors) | A database that includes complementary and drug-related data (Ogultarhan et al. 2016, p. 167 [36]) | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| American Botanical Council | Fitzpatrick 2010 [38]; Jackson et al. 2001 [25]; Kiefer et al. 2001 [32]; Motl et al. 2004 [28] | http://abc.herbalgram.org/site/PageServer | Database | Website | 1988 | Yes | Yes | Yes, partially without subscription | American Botanical Council | Council | A nonprofit, research and education organization, providing access to several databases (i.e. HerbMedPro, the Complete German Commission E Monographs) among other herbal resources (See: www.herbalgram.org) | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients/public |
| Caremark Drug Interactions | Yap et al. 2012 [39] | http://cpref.goldstandard.com/inter.asp?r=8084 | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Gold standard Inc. | Company | A tool for checking drug, herb and vitamin interactions | Patients/public |
| China Natural Products Database (CNPD) | Lee et al. 2015 [40] | Unclear | Database | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No information | Unclear | No information available | Researchers |
| Chinese Ethnic Minority Traditional Drug Database (CEMTDD) | Xie et al. 2015 [41] | http://www.cemtdd.com/ (inaccessible) | Database | Website | 2015 | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Jinhui Wang | Researchers | A database containing Chinese minority herbs, built on data retrieved from various resources (mainly from Kazakh and Uygur traditional drugs) containing a variety of modules p. 399 | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Clinical Pharmacology (also known as Gold Standard) | Gregory et al. 2016 [42] | https://www.clinicalpharmacology.com/ | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Elsevier | Company | Monographs, reports, guides, resources and drug information of prescription drugs and herbal/nutritional products | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Danish National Drug Interaction Database | Olesen et al. 2013 [43] | http://www.interaktionsdatabasen.dk/ | Database | Website | 2003 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Danish Medicines Agency | Government | “The Danish Drug Interaction database is an electronic search tool for searching and learning about the effects of and adverse reactions from taking two or more different kinds of medication” (See: https://www.danishhealthdata.com/find-health-data/Interaktionsdatabasen) | Healthcare providers |
| DoubleCheckMD | Yap et al. 2012 [39] | Unclear | Database | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Enhanced Medical Decisions Inc. | Company | Tool for users to check for drug interactions and side effects | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| DrDrugs | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44] | https://www.skyscape.com/product/drdrugs-drug-guide-for-physicians | Database | Website and mobile app | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Skyscape | Company | Drug information, dosing calculators, monographs, safety alerts | Healthcare providers |
| Drug Information (formerly DrugDigest) | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.express-scripts.com/medco/consumer/ehealth/druginfo/dlmain.jsp?WC=N | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Express Scripts Inc | Company | To provide consumers with information on drugs and CAM supplements, including adverse effects | Patients/public |
| Drug Product Database | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/drug-product-database.html | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Health Canada | Government | Search tool for drugs and certain natural health products in Canada containing monographs | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| Drugbank | Kim et al. 2019 [45]; Lee et al. 2015 [40]; Spanakis et al. 2019 [46] | https://www.drugbank.ca/ | Database | Website | 2006 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Wishart Research Group | Researchers | A bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug data with comprehensive drug target information | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients/public |
| Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM) | Xu et al. 2019 [47] | http://www.nrc.ac.cn:9090/ETCM/ | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Authors | Researchers (authors) | Contains information and data on traditional Chinese medicine herbal drugs, formulas, predicted drug targets and diseases | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Epocrates Rx (plus or pro) | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44]; Yap et al. 2012 [39] | https://online.epocrates.com/ | Database | Website and mobile app | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Athenahealth | Company | Provides monographs, a drug interaction checker, pill identifier, dosing calculators, and formularies | Healthcare providers |
| Guide to Popular Natural Products | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44] | http://www.skyscape.com/EStore/ProductDetail.aspx?ProductID=951 (inaccessible) | Database | Mobile app | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Skyscape | Company | No information available | Unclear |
| IBIS: Integrative BodyMind Information System | Allais et al. 2000 [65]; Kiefer et al. 2001 [32]; Wootton 1997 [48] | http://www.ouribis.com/ | Database | Software | 1992 | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Medicineworks | Company | Provides clinical reference database with drug-herb and drug-nutrient interactions, among other information about nutritional supplements and botanical preparations | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| International Drug Information System (INTDIS) | Fucik et al. 2002 [49] | No | Database | Unclear | 1978 | No (has been replaced by Vigibase) | Yes | No | World Health Organization International Drug Monitoring Program | Government | To collect and store information on herbal medicines, allopathic drugs and adverse drug reactions from various countries | National centers (i.e. World Health Organization), researchers, pharmaceutical companies |
| Lexi-Natural (includes LexiComp) | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Gregory et al. 2016 [42]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44]; Motl et al. 2004 [28]; Yap et al. 2012 [39] | http://webstore.lexi.com/Store/Individual-Databases/Lexi-Natural-Products | Database | Website and mobile app | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Wolters Kluwer | Company | Provides information on natural products, including interactions, adverse reactions, toxicology, etc. and includes monographs | Healthcare providers (including pharmacists, physicians, nurses, dentists), researchers |
| MedicinesComplete (includes Herbal Medicines; formerly known as the British National Formulary) | Jackson 2001 [50]; Jackson et al. 2001 [25]; Yap et al. 2012 [39] | https://about.medicinescomplete.com/publication/herbal-medicines/ | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Pharmaceutical Press Editorial, The Royal Pharmaceutical Society | Company | Resources on herbal medicines including “uses, dosage, evidence of efficacy, adverse effects, contraindications, use in pregnancy and lactation, drug interactions” (See: https://www.pharmpress.com/product/MC_HERB/herbal-medicines) | Healthcare providers (including pharmacists) |
| Micromedex (includes DrugDex, Drug-Reax, AltMedDex) | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44]; Jackson 2001 [50]; Jackson et al. 2001 [25]; Kiefer 2001 [32]; Meyer et al. 2004 [33]; Walker 2002 [51]; Yap et al. 2012 [39] | https://www.micromedexsolutions.com/home/dispatch/ssl/true | Database | Website and mobile app | mid-1970s | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | IBM | Company | Contains evidence-based documents on prescription and non-prescription drugs; contains information such as dosing, adverse effects, interactions, warnings and efficacy | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Natural Medicines (formerly Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database (NMCD) and Natural Standard Database (NSD)) | Archer et al. 2014 [35]; Boddy et al. 2011 [52]; Boehmer et al. 2011 [53]; Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Faubert et al. 2010 [54]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44]; Fitzpatrick 2010 [38]; Gregory et al. 2016 [42]; Jackson et al. 2001 [25]; Kiefer et al. 2001 [32]; Motl et al. 2004 [28]; Sun et al. 2019 [55]; Sweet al al. 2003 [56]; Tomasulo 2003 [57]; Walker 2002 [51]; Yap et al. 2012 [39] | https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/ | Database | Website and mobile app | early 2000s | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Therapeutic Research Center | Company | Contains information about herbs and dietary supplements, including 15 categories of information which address the most common questions faced by practitioners; also provides interactive tools for safety, effectiveness and interactions | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients |
| OncoRx Database (called Onco-Rx as a website, and OncoRx-MI as a mobile app) | Yap et al. 2012 [39] | http://www.onco-informatics.com/oncorx/ | Database | Website and mobile app | 2007 (website), unclear (mobile app) | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Dr. Kevin Yap Research Group | Researchers | Detects drug-CAM interactions (DCIs) and provides information on “interaction effects, severities, mechanisms of interactions, substantiating evidences and references, as well as overall management plans for the chemotherapy regimens” (Yap et al. 2012, p. 167 [39]) | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients/public |
| PEPID Drug Information Database | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44] | https://www.pepid.com/ | Database | Website and mobile app | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | PEPID | Company | Clinical decision suites for a variety of healthcare providers, providing information on drugs, herbal medicines and supplements, and an Interaction checker and toxicology resources | Healthcare providers |
| PharmDB-K | Lee et al. 2015 [40] | http://pharmdb-k.org/ | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Authors, Information Center for Bio-pharmacological Network (i-Pharm) | Researchers (authors) | Provides comprehensive traditional Korean medicine-associated compound, drug, disease indication, and protein relationship information | Researchers |
| PharmGKB | Yap et al. 2012 [39] | https://www.pharmgkb.org/ | Database | Website | 2001 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Shriram Center for Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering | Researchers | A pharmacogenomics knowledge resource providing clinical information including clinical guidelines and drug labels, potentially clinically actionable gene-drug associations and genotype-phenotype relationships | Healthcare providers (including pharmacists), researchers |
| Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia | Clauson et al. 2008 [37]; Fischer et al. 2005 [44] | https://www.tarascon.com/products/mobile/ | Database | Mobile app | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | Tarascon Publishing | Company | Contains drug information to help clinicians make better decisions at the point of care | Healthcare providers |
| TCM Assistant | Yap et al. 2012 [39] | http://www.tcmassistant.com/ (inaccessible) | Database | Website | 2004 | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | e-MS Inc | Company | Provides resources on traditional Chinese medicine herbs, including herbs name, their formulas, their usage in curing disease and patent description | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| TCM Database@Taiwan | Lee et al. 2015 [40]; Sun et al. 2019 [55]; Xie et al. 2015 [41] | http://tcm.cmu.edu.tw/ (inaccessible) | Database | Website | 2011 | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Calvin Yu-Chian Chen | Researchers | A database for Chinese traditional medicinal compounds, providing freely downloadable 3D compound structures of ingredients used in traditional Chinese medicine | Researchers |
| TCMGeneDIT | Xu et al. 2019 [47] |
http://tcm.lifescience.ntu.edu.tw/ (inaccessible) |
Database | Website | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Fang et al. 2018 See: 10.1186/1472-6882-8-58 | Researchers | A traditional Chinese medicine database that provides information about genes, diseases, effects and ingredients | Researchers |
| TCM-MESH | Xu et al. 2019 [47] | http://mesh.tcm.microbioinformatics.org/ | Database | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Zhang et al. 2017 See: 10.1038/s41598-017-03039-7 | Researchers | Database that contains TCM-related information on herbs, compounds, diseases and genes. Includes side-effects and has a search tool | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Database (TCM-ID) | Chen et al. 2006 [30]; Lee et al. 2015 [40]; Xu et al. 2019 [47] | http://bidd.nus.edu.sg/group/TCMsite/ | Database | Unclear | 2005 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Authors | Researchers (authors) | Provides information about traditional Chinese medicines including prescriptions, constituent herbs, herbal ingredients, molecular structure and functional properties of active ingredients, therapeutic and side effects, and clinical indications | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Vigibase (includes Vigilyze) | Ye et al. 2009 [34]; Zhang 2018 [27] | https://www.who-umc.org/vigibase/vigibase/ | Database | Website | 1971 | Yes | Yes | Yes, but only with a subscription | WHO Uppsala Monitoring Center, World Health Organization | Government | A global pharmacovigilance database of individual case safety reports, with over 20 million reports of suspected adverse effects of medicines | Healthcare providers (including physicians, dentists, nurses, and pharmacists) |
| Factsheets/Healthcare Information (n = 13) | ||||||||||||
| About Herbs | Boddy et al. 2008 [52]; Molassiotis et al. 2004 [58]; Yap et al. 2012 [39] | https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/symptom-management/integrative-medicine | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website and mobile app | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Memorial Sloan-KetteringCancer Center | Researchers | Resources on herbs, botanicals and other CAM drugs. Includes information on CAM interactions | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients |
| ALMEKO | Ogultarhan et al. 2016 [36] | https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.icancode.almeko&hl=de | Factsheets/healthcare information | Mobile app | 2016 | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Authors | Researchers (authors) | ALMEKO bundles information on different areas of complementary and alternative medicine, providing an indication check, and overview of potential therapies for the alleviation of symptoms (See: https://apkcombo.com/almeko/de.icancode.almeko/) | Healthcare providers, public |
| AlternativeDr.com | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | http://www.alternativedr.com | Factsheets/healthcare information | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Advisory panel of MDs and experts in natural medicine | Practitioners | “Lists herbal interactions with several prescription and over the-counter medications” (Motl et al. 2004, p. 109 [28]) | Healthcare providers, public |
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine | Boddy et al. 2008 [52] | https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health | Government | Provides summaries on commonly used complementary and alternative medicines for patients and healthcare providers | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-all/ | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | 1998 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institute of Health | Government | Contains factsheets on supplements, vitamins and minerals | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| Herb-Drug Interactions, NCCIH Clinical Digest | Allais et al. 2000 [65]; Boddy et al. 2008 [52]; Gregory et al. 2016 [42]; Jackson et al. 2001 [25]; Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/herb-drug | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | 2015 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) (formerly the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)) | Government | Provides healthcare providers with information about several herbs and their potential interactions with other agents | Healthcare providers |
| Herbs at a Glance | Boddy et al. 2008 [52]; Jackson et al. 2001 [25]; Gregory et al. 2016 [42]; Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://nccih.nih.gov/health/herbsataglance.htm | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) (formerly the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)) | Government | Provides basic information about specific herbs/botanicals, including common names, scientific evidence, potential side effects and cautions, and resources for more information | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients |
| KATIS (based off ALTMEDA) | Ogultarhan et al. 2016 [36] | http://www.komplementaeremedizin.de | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | 2016 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Authors | Researchers (authors) | A web-based information system for complementary medicine, designed to assist patients and health care professionals search for alternative therapies efficiently | Healthcare providers, patients |
| Medline Plus | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://medlineplus.gov/druginformation.html | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | 1998 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health | Government | Information resource on health, drugs and herbal supplements | Patients/public |
| Medscape | Motl et al. 2004 [28]; Spanakis et al. 2019 [46] | https://www.medscape.com/ | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website and mobile app | 1995 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | WebMD (formerly SCP Communications Inc.) | Company | Provides clinical resources, news, and drug/disease information, as well as a drug interaction checker tool | Healthcare providers |
| PharmActa | Spanakis et al. 2019 [46] | No | Factsheets/healthcare information | Mobile app | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Authors | Researchers (authors) | An “app for personalized pharmaceutical care with information regarding drug-herbal medicinal products interactions” (Spanakis et al. 2019, p. 1 [46]) | Patients |
| RxList (owned by WebMD) | Motl et al. 2004 [28]; Spanakis et al. 2019 [46] | https://www.rxlist.com/script/main/hp.asp | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | 1995 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | WebMD (formerly a team of pharmacists) | Company | An online medical resource providing pharmaceutical information on brand and generic drugs and CAM, including an interaction checker and factsheets | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| RxMed | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.rxmed.com | Factsheets/healthcare information | Website | 1994 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | RxMed Medical Advisory | Company | Provides illness and medication information, including CAM factsheets, as well as access to various medical products and services | Healthcare providers, patients |
| Search Engines (n = 4) | ||||||||||||
| Drugs.com | Motl et al. 2004 [28]; Spanakis et al. 2019 [46]; Yap et al. 2012 [39] | https://www.drugs.com/ | Search engine | Website and mobile app | 2001 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Cerner Multum and Thomson Micromedex (and Wolters Kluwer) | Company | Contains information about prescriptions and CAM therapies, as well as an interaction checker tool | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| Electronic Medicines Compendium (EMC) | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ | Search engine | Website | 1999 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Datapharm Ltd. | Company | Provides information, including leaflets, on drugs (including CAM) in the UK, as well as an adverse effect reporting tool | Healthcare providers (specifically pharmacists), patients/public |
| European Medicines Agency (EMA) | Spanakis et al. 2019 [46] | https://www.ema.europa.eu/en | Search engine | Website | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | European Medicines Agency | Government | Search tool to find information on herbal drugs and provides drug profiles | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients/public |
| Merck Manual | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/ | Search engine | Website | 1999 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Merck & Co. Inc. | Company | A search tool that allows users to find information on drugs and supplements (including side effects and interactions) | Healthcare providers, patients/public |
| Other (n = 6) | ||||||||||||
| Adverse Drug Reaction Information Bulletin (ADRIB) | Gao et al. 2015 [59]; Zhang 2018 [27] | http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0078/ (inaccessible) | Bulletin | Website | 2001 | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | China Food and Drug Admininstration | Government | Technical bulletin that provides information on ADRs and potential hazardous drugs to highlight current pharmacovigilance concerns in China | Public |
| Cancer CAM™ Web-based continuing education program | Brink et al. 2004 [60] | http://www.nurse-ceus-stat.com/ (inaccessible) | Continuing education module | Web-based | 2004 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | HealthMark Multimedia | Company | To provide continuing education to nurses, allied health and health educators on the use of CAM for prostate cancer patients | Healthcare providers (including nurses and allied health professions), health/patient educators |
| Evaluation of Anthroposophical Medicine (EvaMed) Pharmacovigilance Network | Hamre et al. 2017 [61]; Tabali et al. 2012 [62] | No | Electronic Pharmacovigilance System | Unclear | 2004 | Unclear | Yes | No | Havelhoehe Research Institute | Researchers | Online adverse drug reaction reporting tool that connects with the hospital EMR system and integrates into the daily clinical practice of physicians | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| HIV Drug Interactions | Motl et al. 2004 [28] | https://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/checker | Interaction checker | Website | 1999 | Yes | Yes | Yes, entirely free | Liverpool HIV pharmacology group from the University of Liverpool | Researchers | Tool to check for interaction of HIV drugs and other drugs (includes complementary and alternative medicines) | Healthcare providers, researchers, patients |
| Ontology-based Artificial Neural Network Model for Drug Side-Effects | Yao et al. 2019 [63] | No | Model | Artificial Intelligence | 2019 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Authors | Researchers (authors) | An ontology-based model for artificial intelligence-assisted medicine side-effect prediction | Healthcare providers, researchers |
| Herbopolis | Ee et al. 2018 [64] | https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.herbopolisgame.alpha&hl=en | Serious game | Mobile app | 2017 | Yes | Unclear | Yes, entirely free | Authors | Researchers (authors) | To motivate players to learn more about herbal medicine | Public |