Study	Reason for exclusion
Allan 2012	Design: longitudinal study (0 pre‐data points, 1 post‐data point)
Alper 2005	No objective outcome measure
Bhavnani 2006	Participants: nursing students not involved in patient care (freshmen)
Bowden 2000	Design: literature review
Butzlaff 2004	Outcome: only assessed knowledge outcomes
Casebeer 2003	Outcome: only assessed knowledge outcomes; checked trial report published 2005, but it focused on continuing medical education vs. electronic health information
Coiera 2006	Design: prospective cohort; not randomized per 2006 protocol
Crouse 2005	Design: editorial
D'Alessandro 2004	No objective outcome measure
Deurenberg 2008	Study design: semi‐structured questionnaire
Di Noia 2003	Participants: not aimed at healthcare professionals in healthcare settings
Doran 2010	No objective outcome measure
Doran 2013	Study design: survey
Dykes 2005	Study design: historical control; no randomization
Elhadad 2005	Intervention: not related to patient care
Erickson 1998	Reported a non‐significant increase of 0.22 in the mean number of log‐ons in the intervention group but no post‐intervention data were provided for the control group
Estabrooks 2003	Design: survey
Forsetlund 2003	Participants: public health physicians not involved in patient care
Freeth 2001	Design: post‐intervention survey; measured 2 times after, but 0 before (pre) intervention
Gardois 2011	Intervention: case scenarios in a classroom
Garg 2003	Design: literature review
Goldstein 2002	Design: descriptive
Grad 2005	Outcome: only assessed knowledge outcomes patient care outcomes
Gruppen 2005	Participants: students not involved in patient care
Gulmezoglu 1997	Design: editorial
Hauser 2007	Design: single cohort
Haynes 1990	Design: longitudinal, descriptive
Helwig 1998	Design: descriptive
Horng 2012	Design: longitudinal study (1 pre‐data point, 1 post‐data point)
Howe 2001	Design: narrative
Huber 2000	Design: survey
Johnston 2004	Design: survey conducted as part of randomized controlled trial, but data for 1 time point only
Kaushal 2010	Intervention: included push information (adverse event drug alerts) and searchable information, but unable to discern which information prescribers used
Ketikidis 2012	Design: descriptive
Kibbe 2000	Design: narrative
King 2007	Design: before and after but no control; 1 post‐intervention measurement
Kirsch 2004	Design: editorial
Kolner 1986	Outcomes: knowledge only; and intervention ‐ theoretical scenarios not direct patient care
Kronick 2003	Outcomes: no objective measure of electronic resource use (e.g. before and after survey/questionnaire were used)
Ku 2007	Participants: nursing students, not involved in patient care
Langdorf 1995	Design: longitudinal study (no pre‐data point, 1 post‐data point)
Lapidus 2009	Outcomes: no objective outcome measures (e.g. all self report). Intervention: focused on use of resources, not on applying information from resources to patient care
Leung 2003	Participants: intervention was educational, no patient care
Lindberg 1997	Design: editorial
Malone 2012	Outcomes: no measure of use of information by practitioners
May 2006	Intervention: patient information not treatment/care information. Design: narrative article
Miller 2005	Design: not an acceptable study design. Outcomes not relevant. Population did not work directly with patients
Mokhtar 2012	Design: cross‐sectional survey on information behavior (no intervention)
Nixon 2000	Intervention: clinical patient data
Noone 1998	Design: narrative literature review
Nussbaum 1998	Design: descriptive; no intervention
Oak 2008	Outcome : self reporting no objective measures
Ogescu 2008	Design: descriptive; no intervention
Oliveri 2004	Design: survey (per translation of methods in full text)
Ozbolt 1993	Design: narrative literature review
Peterson 1983	Design: descriptive; information system contained only clinical information
Rudin 1996	Design: narrative article
Rudin 1997	Design: narrative article
Sackett 1998	Design: descriptive feasibility study
Safran 1993	Intervention: clinician reminders
Sanchez‐Mendiola 2012	Outcomes: no objective measure ‐ (e.g. self reported knowledge)
Shabi 2011	Design: survey
Sintchenko 2004	Design: simulated cases
Southard 2003	Outcome: knowledge only
Stewart 2005	Intervention: information searching for case studies not patient care during a continuing medical education course
Tig 2012	Design: questionnaire
Valentino 1974	Design: narrative. Information system contained only clinical data
Williams 2013	Design: prospective and observational survey
Wyatt 1998	No usable data: compared access to electronic materials as part of a multifaceted intervention; however, there was no measure of information retrieval that could be used