Table 3.

Themes and Sub-themes of Content Analysis

Theme	Subtheme	Codes
Communication	strained working relationships	barriers to aid, attitudes of Chinese workers, language barrier, culture, training, politics
	language barriers	language barrier
	varying social norms and mores	culture, value
	patronization of African HCW	attitudes of Chinese workers, aid person, burnout
Cultural Perspectives and Historical Context	lack of cultural relativity	culture, value, attitudes of Chinese health workers
	power dynamics	awareness, colonial history, corporate, politics
	lack of historical context	barriers to aid, future, colonial history, politics
	absence of trust	barriers to aid, attitudes of Chinese workers, trust, not observed, impact
Divergence between Political and Business Agendas	opportunities for private investment	corporate, politics, value
	moral hazard and adverse selection	politics, impact, trust, economic development, corporate, value
	unequal distribution of political capital (i.e. reference how Africans feel obliged to accept donations)	colonial history, politics, economic development, corporate, impact, value
	concealed motivation	impact, attitudes of Chinese workers, future
	influence of multilateral organizations	politics, lack of external collaboration, colonial history, trust, value
Organization of Aid Implementation	countries’ policies and procedures misaligned	barriers to aid, procedures, coordination failure, capacity failure
	substandard or expired donations	idle resources, material resources, not observed, substandard, logistical failure, barriers to aid, lack of regulation
	country needs not met	in-country needs, material resources, infrastructure, training, recommendations, economic development
	inadequate training	training, sustainability, material resources, aid person, barriers, politics, country needs
Management and Leadership	poor country and donor collaboration	logistical failure, barriers to aid, lack of external collaboration
	inadequate consultation	barriers to aid, consultation
	lack of central authority	barriers to aid, capacity failure, logistical failure, sufficient internal communication
Sustainability	wasted, lost, or destroyed resources	idle resources, language barriers, training, material resources, inadequate consultation, sufficient internal communication, lack of external collaboration, not observed
	lack of M&E protocol	evaluation, sustainability
	aid worker burnout	sustainability, evaluation, burnout, attitudes of Chinese health workers