Table 1 —
Prior major clinical trials assessing various interventions in sepsis
| Intervention | First author and year | PubMed ID | Primary outcome(s) | Study name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activated protein C | Abraham E et al. (2005) | 16192478 | All-cause 30-day mortality | ADDRESS trial |
| Anti-endotoxin antibody | Angus DC et al. (2000) | 10755499 | All-cause 14-day mortality | E5 study |
| Anti-thrombin III | Warren BL et al. (2001) | 11597289 | All-cause 28-day mortality | KyberSept trial |
| Anti-TNF antibody | Abraham E et al. (1998) | 9734938 | All-cause 28-day mortality | NORASEPT II trial |
| Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein | Levin M et al. (2000) | 11041396 | Mortality, amputations and change in pediatric overall performance category at 60 days | rBPI21 study |
| Deltibant | Fein AM et al. (1997) | 9020273 | Risk-adjusted 28-day survival | CP-0127 SIRS study |
| Esmolol | Morelli A et al. (2013) | 24108526 | Sustained reduction in heart rate over a 96-hour period | |
| G-CSF | Cheng AC et al. (2007) | 17599307 | All-cause 28-day mortality | |
| High-dose corticosteroids | Hinshaw L et al. (1987) | 2888017 | All-cause 14-day mortality | VA Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study |
| Ibuprofen | Bernard GR et al. (1997) | 9070471 | All-cause 30-day mortality | Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study |
| IFNγ | Dries DJ et al. (1994) | 7944932 | Major infection or death at 60 days | |
| IL-1 receptor antagonist | Opal SM et al. (1997) | 9233735 | All-cause 28-day mortality | IL-1 receptor antagonist sepsis group |
| Immuno-nutrition | Heyland D et al. (2013) | 23594003 | All-cause 28-day mortality | REDOXS study |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | Trzeciak S et al. (2014) | 25080051 | Change in microcirculatory flow index | |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | Tugrul S et al. (2002) | 12225613 | All-cause 28-day mortality | |
| Ketoconazole | ARDS Network (2000) | 10789668 | Ventilator-free days and ventilator-free survival at 28 days | |
| Levocarnitine | Jones AE et al. (2018) | 30646314 | All-cause 28-day mortality | RACE trial |
| LPS analog | Opal SM et al. (2013) | 23512062 | All-cause 28-day mortality | ACCESS trial |
| N-acetylcysteine | Spies CD et al. (1994) | 7956276 | Overall survival rate | |
| PAF acetyl-hydrolase | Opal SM et al. (2004) | 14758145 | All-cause 28-day mortality | |
| PAF antagonist | Dhainaut JF et al. (1998) | 9875905 | All-cause 28-day mortality | BN 52021 Sepsis Study |
| Pentoxifylline | Staubach KH et al. (1998) | 9438767 | All-cause 28-day mortality | |
| PLA2 inhibitor | Zeiher BG et al. (2005) | 16096451 | All-cause 28-day mortality | EZZI study |
| Polymyxin B hemoperfusion | Dellinger RP et al. (2018) | 30304428 | All-cause 28-day mortality | EUPHRATES trial |
| Prostaglandin E2 | Vincent JL et al. (2001) | 11685297 | All-cause 28-day mortality | TLC C-53 study |
| Selenium | Valenta J et al. (2011) | 21347869 | All-cause 28-day mortality | |
| Selepressin | Laterre PF et al. (2019) | 31577035 | Vasopressor- and ventilator-free days within 30 days | |
| Thrombomodulin | Vincent JL et al. (2019) | 31104069 | All-cause 28-day mortality | SCARLET trial |
| Tissue factor pathway inhibitor | Abraham E et al. (2003) | 12851279 | All-cause 28-day mortality | OPTIMIST trial |
| TNF receptor | Abraham E et al. (1997) | 9153367 | All-cause 28-day mortality | Ro 45-2081 Study |
| Vitamin C | Fowler III AA et al. (2019) | 31573637 | Change in SOFA score and biomarkers of inflammation & vascular injury | CITRIS-ALI trial |
ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; G-CSF = Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; LPS = lipopolysaccharide; PAF = platelet activating factor; PLA2 = phospholipase A2; SOFA = sequential organ failure assessment; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.