Table 3.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk biomarkersa.
| CVD Biomarker | Known effect of CVD Biomarkers |
|---|---|
| 1.sCD40L | Pro-inflammatory marker shown to promote atherosclerosis and plaque instability |
| 2.IL-1 beta | Hypercholesterolemia |
| 3.IL-6 | Increases plaque instability driving expression of matrix metalloproteinases; TNF-alpha and MCP-1 |
| 4.TNF-alpha | Associated with myocardial dysfunction and remodeling after acute coronary events |
| 5. Adiponectin | Adiponectin in CVD itself is debatable because high levels of Adiponectin have been associated with decreased CVD risk in asymptomatic individuals, whereas it can also predict poor Prognosis in patients with established CVD. |
| 6. PAI-1 | Contributes to the development of ischemic CVD |
| 7. MMP9 | Prognostic for CVD |
| 8. Myoglobin | Protein of skeletal and cardiac muscle to aid in morphological changes in cardia event effects of muscle size |
| 9. sICAM-1 | Atherosclerosis promotion |
| 10. CRP | Inflammatory mediator associated with atherogenesis |
a
Adapted from Foley JD, Sneed J, Steinhubl SR et al. Oral fluids that detect cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Oral surg Oral Med, Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 114(2):207-214.