2. Primary outcomes: scales used.

Outcomes	Number of studies	Studies and instruments
Resilience	17	Anderson 2017: Resilience Scale‐25 (Wagnild 2009) Barry 2019: resilience subscale of Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) (Luthans 2004) Chen 2018a: scale not specified in conference abstract Delaney 2016: Brief Resilience Scale (Smith 2008) Erogul 2014: Resilience Scale‐14 (Wagnild 1993) Houston 2017: Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC) (Connor 2003) Kelleher 2018: scale not specified in conference abstract Mathad 2017: CD‐RISC‐10 (Campbell‐Sills 2007; Connor 2003) Mejia‐Downs 2016: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) Mueller 2018: 12‐item Grit scale (Duckworth 2007) Peng 2014: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003; Yu 2007) Samouei 2015: resilience subscale of PCQ (Luthans 2007) Stephens 2012: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) Venieris 2017: Resilience Scale for Adults (Friborg 2003) Victor 2018: Resilience Scale‐11 (Schumacher 2005) Wang 2012: Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (Hu 2008) ISRCTN64217625: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003)
Anxiety	9	Barry 2019: anxiety subscale of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond 1993) Goldstein 2019: anxiety subscale of Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) (no citation provided in poster or abstracts) Houston 2017: Generalized Anxiety Disorder ‐ 7‐item scale (Spitzer 2006) Kötter 2016: anxiety subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS‐D) (Herrmann‐Lingen 2011; Zigmond 1983) Porter 2008: anxiety dimension of Symptom Checklist ‐ 90 ‐ Revised (SCL‐90‐R) (Derogatis 1994) Recabarren 2019: State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Schweitzer 1990; Spielberger 1983) Sahranavard 2018: Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck 1987) Wang 2012: anxiety dimension of Symptom Checklist ‐ 90 (SCL‐90) (Xu 2008) Warnecke 2011: anxiety subscale of DASS (Lovibond 1995)
Depression	10	Barry 2019: depression subscale of DASS (Lovibond 1993) Goldstein 2019: depression subscale of MASQ (no citation provided in poster or abstracts) Houston 2017: Centers for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (Radloff 1977) Kötter 2016: depression subscale of HADS‐D (Herrmann‐Lingen 2011; Zigmond 1983) Miu 2016: Beck Depression Inventory ‐ II (BDI‐II) (Beck 1996) Porter 2008a: depression dimension of SCL‐90‐R (Derogatis 1994); and burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) of Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach 1996) Recabarren 2019: BDI‐II (Beck 1996) Victor 2018: BDI‐II (Hautzinger 2006) Wang 2012: depression dimension of SCL‐90 (Xu 2008) Warnecke 2011: depression subscale of DASS (Lovibond 1995)
Stress or stress perception	13	Barry 2019b: stress subscale of DASS (Lovibond 1993); andPerceived Stress Scale‐10 (PSS‐10) (Cohen 1983b; Cohen 1988a) Chen 2018a: stress ‐ scale not specified in conference abstract Delaney 2016: PSS‐10 (Chiang 2012; Ratanasiripong 2012) Erogul 2014: PSS (Cohen 2012) Goldstein 2019: Perceived Stress Scale (no citation provided in poster or abstracts) Houston 2017: PSS‐14 (Cohen 1983b) Kelleher 2018: stress ‐ scale not specified in conference abstract Kötter 2016: Perceived Medical School Stress ‐ German version (Kötter 2013) Mathad 2017: PSS‐10 (Cohen 1983b) Mejia‐Downs 2016: PSS (Cohen 1983b) Stephens 2012: PSS (Cohen 1988a) Venieris 2017: Graduate Stress Inventory ‐ Revised (Rocha‐Singh 1994) Warnecke 2011: PSS‐10 (Cohen 1983b; Cohen 1988a)
Well‐being or quality of life	6	Goldstein 2019: Satisfaction with Life Scale (no citation provided in poster or abstracts) Mathad 2017: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWL) (Diener 1985) Recabarren 2019: global value from World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHO 1996) Smeets 2014: SWL (Diener 1985) Venieris 2017: Steen Happiness Index (Seligman 2005) Wang 2012: General Well‐Being Schedule (Wang 1999)

^aFor depression, we preferred depression scales over burnout scales if both measures were reported.
^bConcerning Barry 2019, we included the values for the PSS‐10 in the pooled analysis, as this measure was used more often among the included studies.