Evidence‐based resilience factor	Examples of training methods to address the resilience factor
Meaning in life or purpose in life	Introduce the benefits of purpose in life; support individuals in identifying important sources of meaning (e.g. social relationships, work) as well as in setting priorities and guiding values for their life (e.g. Sood 2011)
Sense of coherence (comprehensibility, meaningfulness, manageability)	Promote the understanding of external life challenges, personal beliefs and emotions; encourage participants to reflect on personal (internal or external) resources and to use them more frequently (e.g. Tan 2016)
Positive emotions or positive affect	Psycho‐education on emotions; mindfulness techniques; support individuals in identifying pleasant activities to enhance positive emotions (e.g. Jennings 2013)
Hardiness(challenge, commitment, control)	Situational reconstruction (i.e. imagination of stressful circumstances); focusing (i.e. reflection on bodily sensations of emotional upset) (e.g. Maddi 1998; Maddi 2009)
Self‐esteem	Support participants in identifying personal strengths
Active coping (e.g. problem‐solving, planning)	Introduce the problem‐solving model and familiarise participants with the use of active coping strategies in stressful situations (e.g. making action plans) (e.g. Abbott 2009; Bekki 2013; Sahler 2013)
Self‐efficacy	Support participants in identifying personal strengths and other sources of self‐efficacy (e.g. social connections); support individuals in realising previous successes (e.g. coping with negative situations)
Optimism or positive attributional style	Teach participants to adopt a more positive attributional style for stressful (i.e. external, unstable, specific) and pleasant events (i.e. internal, stable, global); encourage individuals to gain a brighter outlook for the future by enhancing their attention for and the discovery of positive aspects in their lives (e.g. Carver 2010; Sadow 1993)
Social support	Encourage the individual’s reflection on his or her current network (i.e. magnitude of social network, positive or negative aspects in social relationships); enhance the individual’s support network by providing them with communication techniques (e.g. Kent 2011; Schachman 2004; Sood 2011; Steinhardt 2008)
Cognitive flexibility (e.g. positive reappraisal, acceptance of negative situations and emotions)	Positive reappraisal: introduction of ABC (Activating event, Belief, Consequence) Technique of Irrational Beliefs (Ellis 1957) of cognitive therapy; train participants in identifying and challenging maladaptive thoughts and replacing them by more positive ones (e.g. Abbott 2009; Farchi 2010; Songprakun 2012; Steinhardt 2008) Acceptance: relaxation or mindfulness techniques
Religiosity or spirituality or religious coping(e.g. frequent religious attendance)	Spiritual exercises like meditation or yoga; psycho‐education on coping strategies like regular praying or participating in religious community activities (e.g. worship) (e.g. Sood 2011)