Table 2. Nanoparticles-based vaccination against coronaviruses.
| Platform | Antigenic component | Virus | Notes | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-assembled NPs | Spike protein NPs | Spike protein | SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV | Induce high level of neutralizing antibodies Adjuvants (Alum, Matrix) improved safety and immunogenicity |
[1,7] |
| Spike protein-displaying VLPs | MERS-CoV | Spike protein attaches DPP4 receptors, stimulating immune system | [126] | ||
| RBD-displaying VLPs | Gene of RBD of spike protein | MERS-CoV | Induced RBD-specific immune responses Antisera protected host cells from CoV infection |
[127] | |
| Chaperna-based NPs | MERS-CoV | Induced mice immunization via interfering with binding of RBD to DPP4 receptors | [128] | ||
| Polypeptide NPs | HRC1 epitope of spike protein | SARS-CoV | Specific, work against SARS-CoV and any enveloped virus | [132] | |
| AuNPs | S-AuNPs | Spike protein of avian CoV | Avian CoV | Significant improvement in vaccination potency | [133] |
| S-AuNPs | Spike protein | SARS-CoV | Induced strong IgG responses Lung eosinophilic immunopathology |
[6] |
CoV: Coronavirus; MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; NP: Nanoparticle; RBD: Receptor-binding domains; S-AuNP: Spike proteins-functionalized gold NP; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; VLP: Virus-like particle.