Table 3. Nanoparticle-based diagnosis for pathogenic coronaviruses.
| Platform | Ligand | Target | Virus | Notes | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MNP-based viral RNA extraction | pcMNPs | Polycarboxyl groups | Viral RNA | SARS-CoV-2 | One-step, simple, sensitive Excellent paramagnetic property High purity and high productivity No toxic reagents |
[137] |
| SMNPs | Probe (complementary to cDNA) | Target cDNA | SARS-CoV | Rapid method High specificity and sensitivity |
[138] | |
| NP-based detection | AuNP-based colorimetric assay | Thiolated ssDNA probe | Upstream of E protein gene and ORF 1a | MERS-CoV | Visual detection Cheap, rapid (within 10 min) Detection limit of 1 pmol/μl |
[141] |
| AuNP-modified carbon electrodes | Thiolated ssDNA probe | Target DNA | SARS-CoV | Rapid, simple, sensitive | [143] | |
| Self-assembled star-shaped CAuNPs–QD | Virus-specific antibodies | Target virus | Avian influenza A, adenovirus, CoVs | Chiro-immunosensor with exciton–plasmon interaction in chiral AuNPs Ultrasensitive |
[144] | |
| Array of AuNP-modified carbon electrodes | MERS-CoV protein | Antibodies | MERS-CoVs | Highly selective Single-step, sensitive and accurate |
[8] | |
| SARS-CoV-2 antigens-AuNPs conjugates (Immunoassay strip) |
SARS-CoV-2 antigens | IgG/IgM against SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Membrane-based chromatographic immunoassay Rapid, cheap |
[145] | |
| Antigens-AuNPs conjugates (Immunoassay strip) |
IgG/IgM for SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Lateral flow detection Strong readout signal |
[146] | ||
| SFNPs | Probe (complementary to cDNA) | Target cDNA | SARS-CoV-2 | Rapid method High specificity and sensitivity |
[138] | |
| Streptavidin-AuNPs conjugates | Streptavidin | (FITC and biotin)-labeled RNA of MERS-CoV (N gene) |
MERS-CoVs | Vertical flow detection Easy to handle Inexpensive, rapid |
[147] |
AuNP: Gold NP; CAuNP: Chiroplasmonic AuNP; CoV: Coronavirus; E: Envelope; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MNP: Magnetic NP; N: Nucleocapsid; NP: Nanoparticle; ORF: Open-reading frame; pcMNP: Polycarboxyl-functionalized MNP; QD: Quantum dot; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SFNP: Silica-coated fluorescence NP; SMNP: Superparamagnetic NP.